怎樣寫好大學英語四級作文-五-發展結尾
在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句的寫法；這一講我們要進一步來談一談段落髮展的幾種手段以及結尾段的寫法。
一、段落髮展的幾種手段
1． 列舉法(details)
作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據對topic sentence中擺出的論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。
Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in－and cut my hand.
根據本段主題句中的關鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點內容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連線詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡分明、內容連貫。
常用於列舉法的過渡連線詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。
2. 舉例法(example)
作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區別在於：列舉法側重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。
我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落。
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
本段採用了三個事例來說明主題句中的關鍵片語different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連線詞for example, for another example 和besides引出，最後由引導的結尾句總結全段內容。
舉例法中常用的連線詞有：for example(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。
3. 敘述法(narration)
敘述法發展段落主要是按照事物本身的時間或空間的排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連線詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：
In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
這段是按照事物發展的先後順序，敘述從發現案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現場的過程。全文脈絡清晰，敘述的層次感強，結構緊湊。
常用於敘述法中的過渡連線詞有：
first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。
4． 對比法或比較法(comparison & contrast)
將同類的事物按照某種特定的規則進行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述物件之間的異同和優缺點，例如：
The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.
在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計算機執行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較， "---a thousand times faster than ---" ;而後，又將這一概念具體到了 ＂a problem＂上，通過對比使讀者從 "---a long time ---in one minute＂上有更加直觀的認識。
常用於對本法或比較法上的過渡連線詞有：than, compared with等。
5． 分類法(classification)
在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認識，如：
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.
在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的 ＂various forms of communication＂，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，並逐加闡述。
採用這種方法的段落並沒有標誌突出的連線詞，所述各項均為平行並列關係，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。
6． 因果分析法(cause and effect )
在闡述某一現象的段落中，常採用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women wh
怎樣寫好大學英語四級作文-五-發展結尾
o enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現象，推展句則對產生這種現象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用於因果分析法的連線詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7． 定義法(definition)
在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
這一段文字使我們瞭解了 ＂automation＂ 和 ＂Second Industrial Revolution＂ 兩個概念，分別由 ＂refers to" 和"been called＂ 引出。
常出現在定義法中的詞語有：refer to , mean, call等。
8. 重複法(repetition)
句子的一部分反覆出現在段落中，這就是重複法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結構緊湊，有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted;---
該段中反覆應用了I was in motal terror of …我經常處於恐怖之中。
以上， 我們結合具體文章討論了展開段落的`幾種方法。在實際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥於一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。
二、結尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因為好的開頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結尾也很重要，好的結尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結尾的作用就是概括全文內容，進一步強調或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用於展望未來，提出今後方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的餘地。
但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結尾呢?下面就介紹幾種寫結尾段最常用的方法：
1．重複中心思想 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達到再次肯定和強調的效果。
(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make
it worth living.
(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become
more popular with people than ever.
2．作出結論 文章最後用幾句話概括全文內容，並進一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點。
(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
3．應用引語 用格言、諺語或習語總結全文，既言簡意賅又有更強的說服力。
(例1) If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to
permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "Heaven helps those who help themselves."
(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4．用反問結尾 雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強調作用，引起讀者思考。
(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
5．提出展望或期望 表示對將來的展望或期待讀者投入行動。
(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
以上介紹了幾種寫結尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結尾還得根據文體來決定。平鋪直敘的記敘文，往往在故事或事實情節講完時文章也就自然結束了，而說理性和邏輯性較強的說明文和議論文都應有一個正式的結尾。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對大家寫好結尾有所幫助。
