在日常學習和工作中，我們需要用到練習題的情況非常的多，學習需要做題，是因為這樣一方面可以瞭解你對知識點的掌握，熟練掌握知識點！同時做題還可以鞏固你對知識點的運用！你知道什麼樣的習題才是規範的嗎？下面是小編幫大家整理的2023年12月英語四級閱讀理解衝刺練習題，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
12月英語四級閱讀理解衝刺練習 1
Passage Three
Method of Scientific Inquiry
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.
[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.
2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
[A]. the similarity between the two periods.
[B]. that it was an act of God.
[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.
[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.
3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”
[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.
[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.
[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.
[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.
4. According to the author, mathematics is
[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.
[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.
5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.
[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.
[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.
[D]. a pun.
Vocabulary
1. inductive 歸納法
induction n.歸納法
2. deductive 演繹法
deduction n.演繹法
3. culmination 到達頂/極點
4. conversant （with） 熟悉的，精通的
5. exercise 運用，實行，執行儀式
singular 卓越的，非凡的，獨一無二的
6. conjunction 結合，同時發生
7. omnipotence 全能，無限權/威力
8. Providence （大寫）指上帝，天道，天令
9. commonplace 平凡的，陳腐的
10. inquiry 調查，探究（真理，知識等）
11. doctrine 教義，學說，講義
12. correlative 相互關聯的
13. antithesis 對立面，對偶（修辭學中），對句
14. coordinate 同等的，並列的
15. subsist 生存，維持生活
16. attribute 特徵，屬性
17. connote 意味著，含蓄（指詞內涵）
難句譯註
1. Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.
[結構簡析] 破折號後面的內容（見難句譯註2）先撇開。這樣便於理解，整個句子是主謂表結構，前面一個問題句作主語，question後跟一個定語從句，和not less than連線的表語。
[參考譯文] 為什麼歸納發和數學科學，在希臘文明達到頂點時首先快速發展後，兩千年內進展緩慢，現在哲學家對這個問題的興趣不亞於對這些科學很熟悉研究的物件。
2. …—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—…
[參考譯文] 問什麼在後來的二百年中自然科學數理科學積累起來，它們廣泛的超越了過去已知的一切，所以就把這些科學視為我們時代的產品。
3. arrested development 停滯發展（被制止了的發展）。
4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
[參考譯文] 或者我們是否應當把兩個階段的特點歸因於所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外事件）——歸因於客觀環境中相似（結合）的影響。這一點除非以指導一切的'上帝的智慧和無限權利來解釋，否則難以解說清楚。
寫作方法與文章大意
這是篇議論文，論及科學探索的方法，總體是因果寫法，具體分析又是對比寫法。作者採用問答方式探究為什麼希臘文明頂峰之後兩千年，科技發展緩慢，而最近兩百年又迅速發展超越前人，其原因在哪裡?是採用新，舊方法所致，歷史之偶然性，還是上天安排。
然後以現代用歸納法，古代用演繹法太狹隘說明科學總是在觀察，實驗，檢驗，證實中前進。但事實難以解釋慢和快的現象。最後以“對立”——事實和理論對立古代重視事實來解釋。然這兩者是對立的統一。真正的理論就是事實。事實，構成之間具邏輯聯絡，就具有理論的一切正面特性。這種區分雖不足以解釋科學研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基礎，含有真正方法中的重要特性。
答案詳解
1. D. 科學研究/探索的方法。文章一開始就提出問題，為什麼從希臘文化頂峰時期後兩千年來歸納法和數學科學發展如此緩慢，而後的兩百年又超越了前人，是應用新，舊方法關係還是其它（見難句譯註1，2）。第二段講埃及古代在科學探索中運用了演繹推理法，而現在應用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經仔細稽核，難以很清晰地點明古代和現代科學教義和探究上明顯的差別。因為一切知識都基於觀察，通過分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推理，有可能的話，經過校正或經由演繹指導下再觀察而向前推進。第三段進一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實驗;忽略相關事實，推理不慎;不能答出理論的結論，再用實驗或觀察來檢驗等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現代都會失敗。但這不能說明為什麼現代科學具有較高的功效，通過什麼方式方法，超越了前人，更不用說說明最近科學突飛猛進的原因。第四，五段涉及事實和理論的關係。
A. 數學的哲學，文內沒有提。 B. 近來科學的發展。 C. 事實的驗證，只是最後兩段提及驗證方法之作用。
2. B. 是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗後得出的結論。見難句譯註4，第一段最後一句話。
A. 兩個階段的相似性。 . 兩者都試圖應用歸納法。 D. 由於演繹法的衰落。
3. A. 後者需要證實。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實的對立面和理論，或事實和思想中發現上述現象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘，也會因模糊不清遭批評。因為，對立面不全面，事實和理論不是同類的事物。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實——一種特殊類別的事實，一般複雜，但仍是事實。而事實，從詞的狹義來說，如果很複雜，如果各成分中存在著邏輯的聯絡，就具有理論的一切主要特徵。第五段第二句，事實是一個提議，通過運用知識的源泉和經驗而證實的提議直接而又簡單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實的一切特性（除非其證實只能通過非直接的，遙遠的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉成事實必須用簡單的核實，理論因此具有事實的一切特性。
B. 前者簡單。 C. 是現代科學家和古希臘的差異。 D. 幫助我們瞭解演繹法，三項都不對。
4. C. 是推理演繹科學，這個問題常識就能回答。
A. 歸納法科學。 B. 需要簡單證實。 D. 基於事實和理論。
5. B. 是一個悖論，見第四，五段註釋。
A. 比喻。 C. 對歸納法和演繹法的讚揚。 D. 雙關語。
12月英語四級閱讀理解衝刺練習 2
Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian(百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least.
[A]skill [B]popular [C]get [D]change [E]similarly [F]professional [G]character [H]individuality [I]inspire [J]differently [K]expect [L]practical [M]recall [N]lose [O]ordinary
ANSWERS:
1.選B)。從文章的第一句they love and respect few thins more than a uniform“他們又無比熱愛和崇尚制服”，說明了制服在美國很受。因此選項B)popular符合原文意思。選項中的professional“職業的”、practical“實用的”和ordinary“普通的，平常的”都不符合第一段的意思。
2.選F)。此處應填形容詞。從 civilian clothes可知，此處要填的形容詞意思與civilian相對，說明制服的特點。選項中的形容詞中只有professional“職業的”和civilian相對的，故F)正確。而pratical“實用的”和ordinary“平常的”意思都不能和civilian對應，故排除。
3.選K)。由be conditioned to do sth.“習慣於”可知，此處應填動詞原形。從前面的look more“看起來更...”和後面的tend to“傾向於”可知，這段要說明的是人們的主觀印象，應填入表示“期望(得到)”的單詞，只有K)expect符合原文語氣。選項中get“得到”與上下文的語氣不符合。
4.選I)。此處應填動詞原形。從原文中“人們習慣...從穿制服的人那兒得到優質服務。”可知，人們更信任穿制服的人，即制服能使人產生信任感。選項中的動詞原形中只有inspire“使產生”符合文章。
5.選A)。此處應填名詞。前面兩句表達了人們對穿制服的人更加信任的意思，那麼對於garage mechanic“汽車修理工”來說，人們信任的是它的技術，而不是人品，故選項中只有A)skill符合原文意思。
6.選N)。此處應填動詞。 out of uniform“脫掉制服”是對護士、警察等來說是......職業身份的很簡單的.方式。脫下制服就是失去了職業身份，由此可以推知此處應填N)lose。
7.選L)。此處應填形容詞，說明制服的其他有點。從下文“...節省購買其他衣服的開銷，節省洗衣費用，比便服更舒適也更耐穿”可知，制服除了增加信任感還有實際的優點。選項中的pratical“實用的”和ordinary“平常的”，很明顯L)pratical符合原文意思。
8.選H)。此處應填名詞。文章手段就說“美國人為自己的多元化和個性化感到高傲無比，然而他們又無比熱愛和崇尚制服”，其中包含制服使他們失去自己的個性的意思，那麼聯絡第一段，此處指出的制服的缺點即為失去個性，故選項H)individuality正確。individuality強調與他人特點的區別，而character指的是個人特定的內在本質。
9.選D)。此處應填名詞。前面說制服讓人失去了個性，雖然有很多種制服，但穿上制服的人直至退休都是那件制服，所有是沒有變化的，故此處應填change，故D)正確。
10.選E)。此處應填副詞，修飾動詞act。前面指出 alike,they tend to...，說明此處填的詞和alike意思相近。選項種副詞有similarly和differently，很明顯，E)similarly與alike意思相近，故選E)。
