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連貫和銜接
(一)連貫 (coherence)
常見連線詞有：
1. 表示羅列增加
First, second, third,
First, then / next, after that / next, finally
For one thing … for another…,
On (the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially / In particular,
2. 表示時間順序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment
form now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
3. 表示解釋說明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
4. 表示轉折關係
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other
hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all,
5. 表示並列關係
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither …nor
6. 表示因果關係
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
7. 表示條件關係
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
8. 表示讓步關係
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever,
whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)
9. 表示舉例
for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example
10. 表示比較
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, just as,
11. 表示目的
for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to
12. 表示強調
in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,
13. 表示概括歸納
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,
(二)銜接 (cohesion)
1. 返指(referring back)
例：Davis opened a door. “Here is your room. I am afraid it is a bit untidy.” He picked a dirty handkerchief off the floor and stuffed it in a drawer.
The keeper came loping softly up the lane with the dog padding at his heels and we watched them through the hedge as they went by.
I held her very close. My cheek was against hers.
例：The women were asked to leave. Some of them refused.
The earthquake killed 24,000 people and insured 77,000.
例：A man and a woman were struggling up the dune. The man wore shorts. The woman wore a print dress.
2. 預指(referring forward)
有多種方法可用來指代將要提及的事務。
例如：This chapter will follow the same pattern as the previous one.
In the next chapter, we will examine this theory in detail.
The overlap can be seen in the table below.
3. 省略(Ellipsis)
例如：They can distinguish finer detail than we can.
例如：They would stop if they could.
I never did go to Stratford, although I probably should have.
例如：I think we want it more than they do.
例如：At last he agreed to do what I asked him to.
文體：
非正式文體
Thanks for your letter. I got it 14 Sept. I’ve sent a copy to comp HQ along with a memo re your financial situation. I’ve set a meeting for 3 Oct at 11am to talk about another bank loan. So, please let us know if you can make it a.s.a.p.
But we might ask you a few things to do with your inc. and exp. before giving you a loan. Also I need to get in touch with the GM to okay it. Plus, we’ll first have to think about the last time you didn’t keep p with payments.
Anyway, in the mean time, you need to fill in this business plan. Bring it to the meeting with you.
正式文體
Thank you for your letter received 14 September 2002. A copy has been sent to the company headquarters in addition to a memorandum concerning your financial situation. A meeting has been scheduled for 3 October 2002 at 11am to discuss your request for a further bank loan. Therefore, please inform us of your availability for this meeting at the earliest opportunity.
However, a number of issues concerning your income and expenditure may be queried prior to a loan being granted. Furthermore the General Manager needs to be contacted in order to authorise bank loans of this nature. Moreover, your previous failure to meet payment arrangements will first have to be considered.
Nevertheless, in the interim you are required to complete the enclosed business plan, which should be brought to the meeting.
e.g. I’m keen on British history
I am particularly interested in British history.
e.g. I’m sorry, I can’t come.
I regret to inform you that I will be unable to attend.
關於文體，還應該注意：
從來不要用And引導一個句子。
不需要括號
不要縮寫
不要引用
不要one-word sentence.
不要使用口語諺語、不要使用比喻
不要使用修辭性的句子。
注意自己在題目中的身份
