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英語常用寫作句式歸納及運用

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  英語常用寫作句式歸納及運用

組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)(直接賓語、間接賓語)、賓語補足語(object complement)、主語補足語(subject complement)、定語(attribute)和狀語(adverbial)。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。表語、賓語和賓語補足語是謂語裡的組成部分。其它成分如定語和狀語是句子的次要部分。由以上這些成分構成了英語中各式各樣的句子,但最基本的還是六種基本句型,其它句型都是由六種句型轉化來的。

英語常用寫作句式歸納及運用

 一、 S + V (Subject + Verb. 主語+動詞)

這樣的動詞大多為不及物動詞,可分為如下幾種情況:

1、不及物動詞類:在英語中大多數動詞即可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞,純不及物動詞為數很少。常見的有:arrive, come, craw, die, dive, walk, go, run, come, fall, flow, happen, rise等。如:

Thomas Edison’s name never dies. 托馬斯?愛迪生的名字永遠不會消失。

She apologized to me again. 她再次向我表示道歉。

2、有時主要起及物作用的動詞也可用作不及物動詞。常見的此類動詞有:wash, sell, lock, wear等。如:

My recent book sells very well. 我最近出的書銷路很好。

The door won’t lock. 門鎖不上。

3、個別不及物動詞後可跟同源賓語。常見的此類動詞有:sleep, dream, die, smile, live等。如:

They are leading a happy and peaceful life now. 他們現在過著幸福安寧的生活。

The soldier died a heroic death. 那個士兵光榮地犧牲了。

4、有時主要起不及物作用的動詞也可用作及物動詞。如:

They walked me into the hotel. 他們陪我走到旅館。

They are swimming the channel. 他們在遊過海峽。

二、S + V + P (Subject +Verb +Predicate 主語+動詞+表語)

這種句型結構主要指謂語動詞為連繫動詞的情況。常見的連繫動詞可分為如下兩類:

1、表示狀態的連繫動詞:be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, sit, stand, lie, keep, remain, continue, stay等。如:

The weather continued windy and rainy. 天氣仍持續颳風颳風、下雨。

Several players lay flat on the playground. 幾個隊員正平躺在操場上

That is all what I want to make clear. 這就是我想向大家澄清的全部。

We should remain modest and prudent any time. 我們任何時候都應保持謙虛謹慎。

2、表示轉變或結果的連繫動詞:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove等。如:

The weather is becoming warmer. 天氣正在變暖。(強調變化的持續性)

They’ve just got married. 他們剛結婚。(強調變化的結果)

The milk went sour. 這些牛奶變酸了。(強調不以人的意志轉移的變化或惡化)

All my hair turns grey. 我的頭髮全變白了。(強調不以人的意志轉移的變化或惡化)

Children grow wiser as they grow. 孩子們隨著長大會變得更聰明。(表示人或自然的逐步變化)

All his dreams have come true. 他所有的夢都變成了現實。(強調情況的改善)

 三、S + V + O (Subject + Verb +Object 主語+動詞+賓語)

只跟一個賓語的動詞叫單賓語及物動詞。常見的'有:accept, admire, admit, affect, afford, announce, borrow, bury, celebrate, cover, defeat, defend, destroy, devote, discover, educate, enjoy, equip, explain, forget, guess, invent, love, post, raise, supply, use等。 應注意以下幾點:

1、一些常用作不及物動詞有時也可作單賓語及物動詞,但詞義往往有差別。如:

Oranges grow in Spain. 橘子長在西班牙。

Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. 我們那個地方的農民種植很多蔬菜。

Does this color run after being washed? 洗過之後顏色褪嗎?

My father runs a big shoe factory. 我父親經營一家大鞋廠。

2、有時賓語後必須加上一個與賓語有關的狀語,否則句子就不完整。 如:

You can put the dishes in the kitchen. 你可以把碟子放到櫥房裡。

You place me in a difficult position. 你使我陷於困境。

She laid the papers on my desk. 她把報紙放在了我的桌子上。

3、可用作動詞賓語的成分有:名詞、代詞、不定式、動詞的-ing形式、從句等。如:

She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage. 她推動了登臺演出的機會。(名詞作賓語)

I prefer to make web pages. 他更喜歡做網頁。(不定式作賓語)

She admitted having taken my suitcase by mistake. 她承認錯拿了我的提包。(動詞的-ing形式作賓語)

I am wondering if they include me. 我不知道他們是否包括我。

4、常含有“使人…”的表心理的動詞有:astonish, delight, bore, confuse, excite, encourage, discourage, disappoint, disturb, entertain, frighten, interest, inspire, move, please, puzzle, satisfy, surprise, terrify, touch, tire, worry, amuse, amaze, shake, relax等。這些動詞都可有兩種形容詞轉化形式,即-ed形式和-ing形式。這些動詞的主語既可以是人,也可以是物,只要能發出“使人…。”的行為即可。如:

That our team has won the cup encouraged all of us present. 我們的隊奪得出獎盃,真令每一個在場的人鼓舞。

She was surprised at his rudeness that she burst into tears. 她對他的粗魯感到吃驚,她哭了。

These children are really disturbing; they are making lots of noises. 這些孩子真煩人。

四、S + V + O1 +O2 (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object 主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語)

這一句型可根據動詞所跟賓語的情況分為以下幾種情況:

1、可改為 “to 型”的動詞:bring, extend, give, hand, offer, pass, pay, post, promise, read, return, sell, send, serve, show, spare, teach, telephone, tell, wish等。如:

She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day. (=She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.) 她答應在聖誕節給我一件精美的禮物。

2、可改為“for 型”的動詞:build, buy, choose, draw, find, get, keep, make, order, paint, save等。如:

I’ll find you a good chance as long as you won’t lose heart. (=I’ll find a good chance for you as long as you won’t lose heart.)只要你不失去信心,我會給找個好機會的。

3、既可改為“to 型”又可改為“for 型”的動詞:cause, fetch, sing等。如:

Fetch me some wine. (Fetch some wine to/for me.) 給我拿些酒來。

4、do 要根據情況換為“to 型”或“for 型”。如:

The poisonous gases will do harm to us all. 這些有毒氣體對我們有害。

Will you do a favor for me, please? 請您賞個臉,好嗎?

五、S + V + O+ C (Subject + Verb +Object + Complement 主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補足語)

可作賓語補足語的詞或短語有:名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞的-ing形式、動詞的-ed形式等。分別總結如下:

1、可跟形容詞作賓補的動詞有:believe, consider, cut, dye, drive, find, get, imagine, judge, keep, leave, make, paint, push, set, think等。如:

They painted the door red. 他們把門漆成了紅色。

Keep the children quiet, please. 使孩子們保持安靜。

We all imagine him foolish. 我們都認為他傻。

2、可用名詞短語作賓補的動詞有:call, name, consider, elect, find, keep, make, choose, wish 等。如:

We all call the baby Sara. 我們都稱這個嬰兒莎拉。

I find him a reliable man. 我發現他是可信賴的人。

3、可帶to 不定式結構作賓補的動詞有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, invite, get, order, oblige, permit, persuade, require, tell, teach, want, wish, warn等。如:

We have invited all our friends to come. 我們已邀請我們所有的朋友都來。

4、可用“to be + n./a.”作賓補的動詞有:believe, consider, declare, feel, find, imagine, know, suppose, understand, prove, 等。此時to be 可省略。如:

We found him (to be) a suitable man for this work. 我們發現他是幹這活的合適的人選。

5、可用不帶to不定式作賓補的動詞有:have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, look at, listen to, watch等。強調賓語已做完的行為。在變為被動時,需要加to.如:

She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby. 他注意到一輛小汽車撞到了附近的大樹上。

A car was noticed to crash into a big tree nearby. (變為被動時加to)

6、可用動詞的-ing形式作賓補的動詞有:

see, hear, keep, catch, find, have, watch, smell, observe, look at, listen to等。強調賓語正在進行的行為。如:

We last saw the boy playing nearby the river bank. 我們最近還看到那個小男孩在河邊玩。

7、可用動詞的-ed形式作賓補的動詞有:have, get, make, find, feel, see, hear, think, watch等。如:

I saw the boy punished by his parents 我看見孩子被他父母懲罰了。

8、可用as/for引出的介詞短語作賓補的動詞有:regard, consider, elect, treat, choose, recognize, use等。如:

HongKongis recognized as part of China. 香港被公認為中國的一部分。

9、可用副詞作賓補的動詞有: get, find, let, drive, shut, see, lead, show, invite, ask等。

Please show Jack in. 請把傑克請進來。

Mr. Rich drove me home safe. 瑞奇先生開車把我安全送到家。 (home為副詞作me的賓語補足語)

六、There + be/seem/happen, etc. + S (There + be/seem/happen, etc. +主語)

常有於there be 結構中的動詞有:be, seem, appear, happen, exist等。在這種句型中,謂語的單複數形式靠最貼近謂語的主語而定。如:

There is a writing desk, a computer and piles of books in the room. 在屋子裡有一張寫字檯,一臺計算機和幾堆書。

There seemed to be no one who really understood me. 似乎沒人能理解我。

在There be句型中如果地點狀語放於句首,there有些也可以省略。如:

In front of our school (there) runs a clean and clear stream. 我們學校門前流淌著一條整潔、清澈的小溪。