現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這個動作在謂語所表示的動作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer havingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
獨立結構中也可以用現在分詞的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
1)某些表示狀態或者特徵的及物動詞沒有被動語態形式。這類動詞常見的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些動詞的主動形式表示被動意義，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英語四級語法講義:特殊的被動結構
1)帶情態動詞的被動結構。其形式為：情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用於被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語後面。通常變為主語的是間接賓語。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)當“動詞+賓語+賓語補語”結構變為被動語態時，原句中的賓語補語成為主語補語。能用這種結構的動詞有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等後面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結構中不定式to要省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官動詞加形容詞可以表示被動意義。
【例如】
The dish tastes apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句，或主語＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
英語四級語法講義:被動語態的構成
被動語態由be＋過去分詞構成，be隨時態的'變化而變化。以give為例，各種時態的被動語態形式為：一般現在時：am/is/are＋given
【例句】
The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.
一般過去時：was/were＋given
【例句】
These computers were made in our own country.
一般將來時：will/shall be＋given
【例句】
Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?
Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ____to the nation. (CET-4 1996, 6)
A) has left B) is to leave
C) leaves D) is to be left
本句意思為：78歲的Denis先生宣告他將把他的大多數收藏品留給國家。所以leave應用一般將來時的被動形式。一般將來時可以用來be to do sth表達，因此答案為D.
過去將來時：would be＋given
【例句】
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
現在進行時：am/is/are being＋given
【例句】
The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now. ( CET-4 1996,1)
A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed
本句測試點是動詞的時態和語態。develop和perfect是兩個並列的謂語動詞，perfect用的是被動形式，develop也應該用被動形式，而且句子的時間狀語為now，故develop應用現在進行時的被動語態，答案為C。
過去進行時：was/were being＋given
【例句】
The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky
現在完成時：has/have been＋given
【例句】
Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.
過去完成時：had been＋given
【例句】
The huge bridge had been damaged before the World WarⅡ.
將來完成時：will/shall have been＋given
【例句】
The book will have been published by the end of next month.
英語四級語法講義:非謂語動詞的被動語態
非謂語動詞的各種形式也有被動語態，一般常用的是一般體和完成體的被動語態，如下表：
非謂語動詞
被動語態形式
一般
不定式
to be done
動名詞
being done
現在分詞
being done
完成
不定式
to have been done
動名詞
having been done
現在分詞
having been done
例如:
It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成體的被動語態)This new teaching method has the advantage ofshavingsbeen tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (動名詞完成體的被動語態）
英語四級語法講義:短語動詞的被動語態
有些相當於及物動詞的動詞片語，如“動詞＋介詞”，“動詞＋副詞”等，也可以用於被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
【例如】
The meeting is to be put off till Friday. Women were looked down upon in the past in China. The out of date teaching method must be done away with. Don't worry, everything will be attended to in good time. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed his exams. The children are taken good care of by the teacher.
這類可用被動語態的“動詞＋介詞/副詞”片語還有：depend on, make use of, bring about, put forward, send for, talk about, bring up, put on, think over, call off等。
