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考研怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題

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我們在進行考研的時候,要知道該如何回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題。小編為大家精心準備了考研回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題祕訣,歡迎大家前來閱讀。

考研怎樣回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題

  考研回答閱讀理解中的推理性問題技巧

關於推理性問題(Inference)

推理性問題與細節性問題相似,也是對文章具體內容的判斷。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表達的字面含義,還要掌握一定的邏輯判斷能力及寫作技巧知識,從文章表面推出更深層含義,這部分往往出題分量大,難度大,出錯也最多,歸根結底還是對文章內

容沒有做到真正的理解和掌握。

Inference類問題主要包括Significance和Communication Techniques兩大類。

1. Significance

文字表面往往沒有明顯反映作者的全部意圖,有些含義需要讀者從字裡行間去體會,靠自己的邏輯推理能力去判斷,從上下文的聯貫及文中有關部分的暗示去明析作者隱含的意思。這類問題的命題方式有:

(1)The writer implies but not directly states that__________-.

(2) It can be inferred from the passage that_________.

(3) The author strongly suggests that__________ .

(4) It can be concluded from the passage that________.

(5) The passage is intended to__________ .

(6)The writer indicates that__________ .

Example

Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we were to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example

At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health ac-count that covers everything from his medical history to his emotion-al state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment , it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.

Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized ( 分散的 )nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse managers instead of head nurses,` in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurse decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

It can be inferred from the passage that__________.

A)compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient .

B)in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

C)in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hour at Beth Israel Hospital

本題要求考生判斷4個選項中哪一個是根據文章可以推斷出的結論,要求考生根據文章內容作出合理的推斷。從本題所提供的4個選項來看,文章並未談及 護士 的"耐心"(A);也未談及護士的"工資待遇"(Q),只是說到護士的工資提升要由各科室推薦;更未涉及護士的"工作時間長短"(D)),文章的第一段最後一句才是得出正確答案的依據,這句的意思是:"如果我們確要解決護理工作不足的問題,那麼各地醫院的行政部門和醫生最好還是效法一下Beth Israel醫院",主句的虛擬語氣也說明這一點:迄今為止還未做到。由此可以推斷:①護理不充分是一個應該解決的問題;②這個問題普遍存在,否則就沒有必要要求各地醫院行政部門和醫生效法這家醫院的做法。因此本題的正確答案為B),本題屬於局域型問題的間接性問題,這類問題是考生出錯最多的題型。在做這類問題時,切忌從篇章的個別句子中尋找答案,而應把目光放在全篇的理解上:作者寫這篇文章的目的是什麼,針對什麼問題,如何解決等。有許多考生可能都有這種體驗:有的問題,第一遍閱讀時做對了,第二遍再細讀後,又改錯了。這就是因為他們在讀第二遍時注意了對篇章的個別句於的推敲,而忽視了整篇文章的大意。

2. Communication Techniques

文章中的每一句話都有它的作用和目的,都是為作者的寫作而服務的。有的是下層意思的鋪墊,有的是上旬話的結果,互相襯托,互相聯絡。四級閱讀中常常就技巧性問題提問,測試讀者對文章是否正確理解。這類題的命題方式有:

(1)The fact . . . is mentioned by the author to show _________.

(2)The author achieves his purpose by depending mainly upon

(3)The writer talks about . . . in order io_________ .

(4) In discussing . . . , the author ._________

(5)The author's statement about . . . is a . . . for . . .

Example :

If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are al-ways taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened, `necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes any thing really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high- heeled shoes .

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as_________ .

A) a waste of money

B) waste of time

C) an expression of taste

本題問題是:女士們把過了時的衣服改來改去,在作者看來是"浪費金錢"(A));是"(女士對服裝的)喜好(品味)的表現"(C));是"(女士們)創造性的表現"(D));還是(B))所說的"浪費時間"。根據第二段所說的"waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have。"(Para。2, Line 4~5,答案應選B)。

  考研英語閱讀理解衝刺策略

其實,成功的考研衝刺只分兩步。

成功衝刺第一步——制定計劃、按部就班、從容不迫。

距離考研雖然只有一個月了,但制定計劃依然重要,因為有了計劃就可以避免亂抓一氣時帶來的無謂的時間浪費。此時的計劃應該首先確定每天能拿出多少時間複習英語(建議:基礎較好的考生,每天3-4個小時;2年沒有怎麼學過英語的考生需要每天至少拿出6個小時),並且確定這些小時在一週中每天的分佈,千萬不要完全連在一起,但也不要拆分過多,一個時段的最佳時長是1.5-2小時。不論英語基礎好壞,不論現在做真題正確率高低,都需要考生始終保持平常心按照計劃、到點就進入應該進行的專案。

成功衝刺第二步——分項攻擊、識別弱項、專抓錯題。

眾所周知,考研英語分數最多的專案是閱讀理解。因此,幾乎所有的考生都要再閱讀上花費大量的時間,畢竟一個題目2分。很多考生抱怨,真題已經做過幾遍,答案已經背下來了,現在不知應再該做些什麼題,於是開始亂找模擬題。這裡需要強調的是,離考試最近的1個月是反覆研究真題和鞏固技巧的時候,不能再大量做模擬題了。對真題的複習不僅僅是要把正確答案選出來那麼簡單,考生還需要按照以下幾點進行逐項核查,檢測是否已經達到每一項的要求。以下均為2008考研英語大綱對閱讀理解的要求:

1. 詞彙:即是否仍有不認識的單詞或搭配。離考試只有一個月的複習方法是這樣的:先把歷年考研真題的電子版從網上下載,然後黏貼到一個word文件裡面,之後使用“查詢”功能,把自己不熟悉的單詞、不知道其他意義的單詞邊記邊查詢,看一看這個詞在歷年考試中出現了多少遍,而每一次其用法都是什麼,自己是否都能掌握了。在詞,教考生一個猜測詞義的方法:小品詞猜詞法。所謂“小品詞”就是介詞和副詞,而常見的是:on, in, at, as, off, out, into, out of, for, to 等。很多動詞和他們搭配時,片語的意義往往和這些詞密切聯絡,因此即便不認識動詞,也能大概猜出其整體意思來。比如: regard A as B表示“把A當成B”。但如果regard變成dismiss, disparage等難詞,考生就犯難了。其實,無論動詞是什麼,只要符合以下結構“vt +A+as+B”,都可以把動詞翻譯成為“把……”,因此整個片語的意思就是“把A當成B”,這樣就不會影響對上下文的理解了。

2. 資訊:即單詞通過語法組合到一起後,其意思是否能夠翻譯正確。這需要有一本對歷年真題進行詳解的輔導書,推薦使用《2008考研英語歷年真題解析與應試對策》(高等教育出版社出版)。考生可以把每一篇文章作為精讀,並進行翻譯。如果時間比較緊張,把解決每篇文章後面5個題的原文進行詳細翻譯和掌握就可以了。

3. 根據具體資訊進行推理和判斷:即換一種英文表達方式,而不改變原意。比如:原文句子是:Nothing prevents us to be natural more than the desire to appear so. 就要用英文表達成:The more we try to look natural, the less natural we will be. 或者:The biggest obstacle on our way to be natural is our wish to be that way. 當然,這些句子其實就是真題題乾和正確選項放在一起,和原文中的出題點正好是上述的同義轉化。

下面再舉一個真題的句子:(2006年Text3) The large,slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. 在問題中變成:The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that large sea animals may face the same threat today. 畫下劃線的句子正好就是同義轉化。當然,這種情況在考研英語中到處都是,幾乎每一個題目都符合此規律。建議衝刺段的考生列出下面的表格來複習,這樣效果會更加明顯。

4. 區分論點和論據:即每一個段落的中心句在哪裡,具有什麼特徵?後面的論據是如何提供的?這些都是需要區分和掌握的內容。

5. 掌握文章的主旨:多數考生的問題在於看完文章後說不出文章中心思想。其實,可以把每個段落的中心句加起來就構成文章中心了,這對解決主旨題至關重要。比如,2001年第三篇文章的開頭就問“why...?”這就證明文章中心一定在解釋某種現象的原因,而第一題就問:What is the passage mainly about?因此,聰明的考生可以立刻選出B答案:causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.

6. 把握文章的核心概念:文章必然圍繞一個核心展開,而這樣的核心概念從詞彙角度看就是反覆出現的那些單詞所表達的概念,對把握文章主旨有巨大幫助作用。如果考生碰到選項猶豫不決時,就可以挑選包含文章中反覆提到的核心概念詞彙的那個選項。

7. 掌握文章的結構:這一點對新題型7選5指導意義最大。要搞清楚段落與段落、句子與句子之間的關係,比如主題一致、關鍵詞重現、語義互補等。

8. 清楚作者的觀點和寫作意圖,即要抓住作者對所寫問題的看法。比如,作者的.理想一定與作者敘述的現實問題相反。作者如果寫汙染現狀,他的目的就是號召人們保護環境;作者如果寫的是人們並不公開推崇野心和抱負,那麼作者的觀點就是應該公開推崇野心和抱負。如果掌握了這一點,有時可以瞬間解決很多問題。比如:2004年考研英語真題第四篇關於“美國學校貶低才智”的文章。該文在全文首句使用判斷句式說明說明社會現狀:“Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect”。而通常作者所要表達的觀點都是與社會現實相反的,因此,我們就可以瞬間解決後面的兩個題目,如下:

can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ______

A. undervaluing intellect

B. favoring intellectualism

C. supporting school reform

D. suppressing native intelligence

根據上述方法,我們很快就把A選出來了,因為undervalue就等於don’t place a very high value on.

does the author think of intellect?

is second to intelligence.

evolves from common sense.

is to be pursued.

underlies power.

根據前面所述,作者的觀點往往與現實相反,如果現實是“人們不重視intellect”,那麼作者觀點肯定是希望人們重視intellect。因此,可以直接把C選項選出。

以上是大綱層面對閱讀的要求,下面從技巧層面談一下閱讀中需要注意的問題。現在考生需要關注的不再是從四個選項中找出正確答案,而是要知道這個選項為什麼正確,而其他選項到底錯誤在什麼地方。當英語功底薄弱時,排除法是非常有效的辦法。因此,考生需要鍛鍊的不是說一定要認識正確選項,而是要能找出選項是否錯誤,但是做到這一點其實多數依靠的不是功底,而是細心地把選項和原文進行比對的能力。非語言本身的閱讀技巧在新東方的考研閱讀課上給大家總結過,需要拿出來反覆地看和研究才能熟練應用。

建議考生在複習過程中要把錯過的部分標記出來,最好記到本子上,每週反覆看曾經錯過的內容,這樣可以避免犯同樣的錯誤。

希望以上的文字能夠幫助考生理清思路,也祝願考生在考試中取得最理想的成績。

  考研寫作用詞技巧

選詞時一定是最熟悉不過的而且僅使用該詞最原始意義的,也就是說,到了英文寫作中全然忘記了選詞、用詞的重要性,累積一篇文章就好,因此文章寫到最後,連自己也覺得索然無味了。

不難發現英文是重名詞的語言,但在一個英文句子當中最傳神的當屬動詞,中國學生又是動詞使用的熱衷者,因此,就先從寫作中動詞的使用上來探討下寫作中用詞的問題。

首先,在使用動詞上不見得一定要使用純粹的動詞,在英文用詞使用中,詞性轉換也可以讓某些普通詞彙大顯身手。例如在詞性轉換中,可以將名詞動用化,使得一些看似沒有大作用的名詞在句子中大放光彩,如:age作為名詞,是年齡,用途上來講似乎沒有太亮化的用法,但是如果將這個詞名詞動用化的來使用,情況則會不同。有如:Time ages us.(時光催人老)。與此同樣用法的詞彙還有:

Air the room, please.(給房間通風)

I skinned my knees.(我的腿摔破皮了)

I will surprise her.(我將給她一個驚喜)

因此,其實在寫作中可以巧妙的使用某些詞彙,而不必非要拘泥於專門的動詞上,名詞動用在文章當中也是一大亮點。

另外,在動詞的使用上更應當注意譴詞的準確性和生動性,即實詞升級。比如,我們說走出房間,最基本的說法是walk out of the room,但是不同的人走出房間的狀態是不同的:

小偷走出房間:slip out of the room

小姐走出房間:sail out of the room

小孩走出房間:dance out of the room

老人走出房間:stagger out of the room

同樣的道理,用以表示颳風,最基本的用詞就是blow,但是一年四季,除夏季外,另外三季的風的狀態有所不同,用詞也應該有所選擇:

冬天的風:the wind roars

春天的風:the wind bellows

秋天的風:the wind sweeps

所以,在選詞上側重於選擇最適合意境表達的如動詞之類的實詞,也會在文章中突顯文章語言的美感,和用詞的恰當。

綜上為寫作中對於語言運用的譴詞方面的一些建議和方法,希望會對考研道路上的考生有所幫助和啟發,也希望能夠幫助各位在寫作中整合現有詞彙資源,自如合理地運用出來。