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SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
In this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You willhear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not bemarked,but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture isover, you'll be given two minutes to check yournotes,and another 10 minutes to complete the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture.
Good morning. Before you write something, youneed to have a clear idea of the topic,the audience, and the purpose of your writing. In thislecture, we'll concentrate on one of these elements, the audience. This is a very importantconcept for writing. The term audience usually refers to viewers of movies and TV shows andlisteners of radio programs. Here we expand it to include readers of written materials indiscussions of writing activities. Why is this concept so important? As shown in the example inour book, the same topic, when written to different audiences, can have very different content,structure, style, etc. Thus, the importance of a keen awareness of your audience throughoutthe writing process can not be overemphasized. Audiences can be examined from threedifferent perspectives: 1. your social relations to your audience 2. your audience's knowledgeabout your subject 3. your audience's attitudes or viewpoints to the subject and your positionin the writing Let's discuss them one by one. Now, first point, analyze your audience in terms ofyour social relations. Whenever you write, you are interacting with other members of thesociety. Are you writing to a friend of yours? To a colleague? To the director of your businessfirm? To the admission office of an American college? In each situation, you have a differentsocial relationship with your audience and this relationship has a definite impact on the shapeof your writing. No one in his or her right mind would write a letter of application to the deanof the graduate school as if the dean was one of his or her buddies. The second point, analyzeyour audience in terms of their knowledge of the subject you are writing about. This analysis isvaluable particularly in informative and explanatory writing. Suppose you are writing a papercomparing the Mid-autumn Festival to Thanksgiving, how much knowledge would you assumeyour American readers already have about the Chinese holiday and how much about their own?Obviously,very little about the former and a whole lot about the latter. In such a paper, youwant to take care not to bore your readers to death by telling them what they already knowwhile leaving them tantalizingly unsatisfied about what they are so eager to learn. Theemphasis here should be to show the striking differences and subtle parallels rather than togive exhaustively detailed information on each holiday. Now, the third point, analyze youraudience in terms of their attitudes or viewpoints to the subject and your position in thewriting. This analysis is vitally important in writing persuasive or argumentative essays,which is much more complex and challenging. In a persuasive essay you present reasonsand arguments to convince your readers that they should accept a belief or to take a positionor a specific action. For persuasive or argumentative writings, you can classify audiencesinto three groups: those who agree, those who are neutral or undecided, and those whodisagree. When writing to an audience who already sees eye to eye with you about acontroversial issue,is there much you need to do? Not much. If you are addressing anaudience who already shares your view about developing and maintaining a mature andconstructive relationship between China and the United States in the 21st century, all youneed to do reiterate why such a relationship is in the vital interests of both countries and ofthe whole world. When writing to audiences who are neutral or undecided, you have the mostto do and can hope to achieve a lot. Say you want to propose that a new financial aid systembe established to help those bright students in rural and less prosperous areas of thecountry. You are concerned that with today's new tuition policy and practice, those studentswill be priced out of a chance for the high education they deserve so much. Some people maybe undecided because they have some doubts and concerns: where does the money needed forsuch an aid come from? What are the specific standards whereby to award scholarships? Arethere more fair and efficient alternative solutions? Once you find out why your audiences areundecided,you need to address their doubts and concerns as directly and fully as possible. Youhave a fairly good chance of winning them over when their questions are answeredsatisfactorily. And audiences who disagree are the most difficult to write to. Different peopledisagree with you for different reasons. Some of them may have already given the issue athought and have already made a choice; therefore,it is extremely difficult to change theirminds. Others who disagree may not have had the time to think it over seriously. There aretwo main possible reasons why your audiences may disagree with you: 1) because they don'thave the "facts" or because they look at the same "facts" differently. 2) because they areinfluenced by their personal opinion, prejudice, and political or religious beliefs. Once you havefound why they disagree, you can decide what is the best approach to such audiences. If it isa lack of information, your job is to give them the relevant historical as well as up to dateinformation as accurately as possible. If it is for personal, political and religious reasons,youneed to recognize them, understand them, and address them accordingly. Now, we can seethat audience awareness is so crucial to the success of your writing. In actual practice, youmay need to analyze your audience in terms of three factors: social relations, knowledge, andviewpoints in order to decide the best approach for your writing. And in the next lecture, we'lldiscuss the writing purpose and your role in the writing. Thank you for your attention!
