有教養的頭腦的第一個標誌就是善於提問。以下是小編為大家搜尋整理的2022年專八英語考試閱讀題訓練，希望能給大家帶來幫助!
專八英語考試閱讀題訓練1
The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processesto mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Suchvariations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cellsremained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervousenergy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentialsfailed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methodsrefined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality ofthe impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead toinfluence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance amongnerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as“common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the qualityof the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce,but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidencefor this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field ofthe cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditorysensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneuralcorrelations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemedmuch more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brainexcitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Braintheory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relativelyhomogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related wouldmost likely have been met with
[A] vexation [B] irritability [C] discouragement [D] neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B] similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C] similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A] Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of thebrain stimulated.
[B] Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C] Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors theyproduce.
[D] Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitativevariation?
[A] Nerve cells. [B] Nerve impulses.
[C] Cortical areas. [C] Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
答案詳解：
1. C. 令人失望。答案見文章的第一句話“到了1950年，大腦活動過程和精神感受有關係的實驗結果看起來令人沮喪。”
A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對。
2. A. 在人的神經脈衝中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency本義是一般通用。這裡的上下問決定了它的含義“無變異脈衝(普通脈衝)”。第二段“雖然神經能量中的質變理論從沒有受到嚴厲的駁斥，但這一學說被普遍放棄，而贊成其對立的觀點;那就是：神經脈衝在質量沙鍋內基本相似，並作為無變異脈衝(普通脈衝)經神經系統傳送。”所以普通脈衝就是指神經脈衝無變異，在質量上基本相似。
B. 科學家觀點上的相似性。 C. 人類感覺相似性。 D. 神經脈衝連續不斷通過神經系統。這三項和common currency 無關。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經脈衝所顯示的認知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據這一理論，不是感覺神經脈衝的質量決定它們所產生的各種有意識的感覺。而是由脈衝在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，並且有證據證明這一論點。”見難句譯註3。
B. 現在對神經潛力的質量變化可以進行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，並深受它們所產生的神經感覺(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經形態上的差異影響神經傳遞長度。
4. B. 神經脈衝。這在第2題答案A中譯註(即第二段)已有明確的答覆。“神經脈衝在質量上基本相似……。”
A. 神經細胞。見難句譯註2，“有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經細胞型別之間細微的結構差異。” C. 外皮區域(部位)。 D. 神經脈衝空間模式。見難句譯註5和本文最後一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學家只能指明神經脈衝時空模式上的無限差異。”這說明，它不是 “Leastqualitative variation.”
詞彙：
1. mental experiences 精神感受
2. discharge 釋放
3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不計的
4. manifold 多種多樣的，多方面
5. neuron 神經元/細胞
6. neural (中樞)神經的(系統)
7. qualitative diversity 質的多樣性，量變的
8. disprove 反駁，反證
9. homogeneous 相似的
10. sensory nerve 感覺神經
11. cortical 外皮的，皮質的
12. cerebral cortex 大腦皮層
13. locus 地點，區域
14. psychoneural 精神神經
15. heterogeneous 異源的，異種的，異體的
16. spatiotenporal 時空的
難句譯註：
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like ashad been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[結構分析] 句型為such…as 可as 具有關係代詞作用，此處作從句中had been demonstrated 的主語。
[參考譯文] 神經細胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學，神經脈衝中傳導速度，激發界限等方面的那種變化差異對多方面的精神感受可能有聯絡來說仍然意義不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neurontypes; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influencedby these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neuralcircuits.
[參考譯文] 有可能用其他辦法來顯示神經型別之間細微的結構差異。可是，缺乏證據證實脈衝的或者其脈衝傳導的質量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質量看起來它卻影響了中樞神經迴圈的進展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebralcortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for thatparticular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from theauditory cortex, and so on.
[結構分析] 主從句。後面跟解釋性同位語：that is ……。
[參考譯文] 在一個實驗中，當電刺激作用於有意識的人體大腦皮層的某個感覺部位，它對這個特定部位產生一種恰如其分的感覺道，也就是說，視覺來自視覺皮層，聽覺來自聽皮層，以此類推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, andinterconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, theobvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than anyof the minute differences.
[參考譯文] 其他實驗揭示了神經細胞在尺寸，數目，排列和相互聯結上的細微變化。可是，就精神神經相互關係而論，這些感覺部位相互之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細微差異更為明顯多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity ofrelatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue.
[參考譯文] 總之，大腦理論說明精神感覺和相對相似的神經細胞單位的活動有關係。這種活動通過相似的大腦皮層組織傳導的基本相似的脈衝。
寫作方法與文章大意：
文章是對“大腦神經活動和精神感受關係的探討。”採用時空寫法。先從1950年，探索兩者關係的結果令人沮喪談起。在臨近本世紀轉折時期，由赫林提出的不同的感覺態可能和某種神經能量有關。經過一系列理論和經驗探索，最後得出大腦理論說明神經感受和相對相似的神經細胞單位活動有關的結論。這是一種通過相似的大腦結構引導相似脈衝的活動。
專八英語考試閱讀題訓練2
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
習題
1. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
2. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
3. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
全文翻譯
特殊兒童在一些重要的方面不同於其他同齡的孩子。對於這些孩子來說，要把他們全部的成熟的潛力開發出來，他們所受的教育就必須適應那些差異。
雖然我們關注的是特殊兒童的需要，但卻發現我們也在描述他們的生活環境。當舞臺上的主角吸引了我們的注意力後，我們也意識到配角及戲劇場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的`家庭及社會環境常常是他們成長和發展的關鍵。正是在公立學校裡我們感受到了社會知性的充分體現——向下一代傳授知識、希望和恐懼。
任何社會的教育都是反映該社會的一面鏡子。在這面鏡子裡，我們可以看到優點、弱點、希望、偏見，以及文化本身的核心價值。過去30年間公共教育表現出的對特殊兒童的巨大關注表明了存在於我們社會中的那種強烈情緒，即所有公民，不論情況怎麼特殊，都應該得到全面發展其能力的機會。
“人人生來平等”。這句話我們已聽過無數次，但在民主社會它對教育仍然有著極其重要的寓意。儘管這句話被國家建立者們用來表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解釋為機會面前人人平等。這個概念暗示了所有兒童都有接受教育的機會——即每個兒童，不管其本身的能力大小與否，都有權利在學習上最大限度地得到幫助。最近的法庭裁決已再次確定了所有兒童——不論殘疾與否——都有接受適當的教育的權利，並已命令公立學校採取必要的措施來提供這種教育。作為迴應，學校也在調整課程安排，使授課能夠適應特殊兒童，適應那些不能從常規課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。
重點句
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
該句意義：
在該句中使用“mirror”這個比喻，即借用鏡子會反映真實反映情況的東西這一特徵，進而說明教育是社會的鏡子，即可以從教育這個角度看一個社會的全貌。凡是教育類的寫作，皆可以應用該句子，直接帶入寫作中。
該句語法：
(1)介詞短語做後置定語：in any society
(2) 介詞短語做前置狀語省略逗號：In that minor，本應有逗號，但是在該句中省略。
(3)平行結構中三者以上並列：the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values
(4)反身代詞做同位語：itself=culture
習題答案
答案：ACDA
Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.
1.第二段作者引用舞臺主角的例子目的是為了說明______。
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[A] 特殊兒童的成長與家庭和社會有很大關係
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[B] 與正常兒童相比，特殊兒童受到的家庭影響更大
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[C] 家庭和社會最感興趣的是特殊兒童
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
[D] 社會的需要位元殊兒童的需要重要得多
reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.
2.特殊兒童在教育上得到很多關注的原因是___________。
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[A] 他們有望成為社會領袖
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[B] 他們有可能成為社會負擔
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[C] 他們應該充分發揮自己的潛力
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
[D] 殘疾兒童值得特殊關注
passage mainly deals with__.
3.文章的主要內容是_________。
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[A] 孩子在學習能力上的差異
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[B] 現代社會中特殊兒童的定義
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[C] 為特殊兒童設的特殊教育專案
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
[D] 使教育適應特殊兒童的特點的必要性
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.
4.從文章可知，對特殊兒童教育的關注_________。
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[A] 正受到法律的支援
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[B] 與本國傳統不符
[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders
[C] 被國家創立者明確地表達出來
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
[D] 將會對法庭的裁決起很大影響
專八英語考試閱讀題訓練3
The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced dn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admitit—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?
1. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?
[A] Better educated. [B] More money and freedom.
[C] Independence. [D] Hard work.
2. What so the young reject most?
[A] Values. [B] The assumption of the elders.
[C] Conformity. [C] Conventional ideas.
3. Why do the young stress on the present?
[A] They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.
[B] They dislike the past.
[C] They think the present world is the best.
[D] They are afraid of destruction.
4. What can the old learn from the young generation?
[A] Enjoyment is not sinful. [B] People should have more leisure time.
[C] Men might enjoy life. [D] One should enjoy one’s work.
答案詳解：
1. D. 艱苦工作。這在第一段中第四句“青年一代受了更好教育，有大量的錢話，有更多的自由。他們成長的很快，不那麼依賴於父母，他們獨立思考得更多，不盲目接受老一代的理想……。”
A. 受更好的教育。 B. 更多的錢和自由。 C. 獨立性。這三項均提及到。
2. C. 順從。第二段集中講到這一點。“因為老人們經常認為自己懂得多，理由就是他們經歷得多。他們不喜歡自己的價值觀受到懷疑或威脅。而這正是青年在做的。他們對老人們的設想提出疑問，打亂他們的自鳴得意。他們甚至敢於懷疑老一代創造了世界上可能最佳的社會。他們最反對的莫過於順從。例如：他們說辦公時間就是強制奴役，如果人們完全自由，絕對負責，他們的工作不會更好嗎?而穿衣呢?誰說世界上所有的男人都該穿單調的灰色西裝和剪成像罪犯似的短髮?……。”這些詞語都表示他們最反對的東西是遵從，“一致性”。所以
A. 價值。 B. 長者的設想。 D. 傳統習俗觀念。都是具體的某一點。
3. A. 他們在炸彈的陰影下成長。第三段倒數第四句起“由於年輕人是在炸彈戰爭的陰影下成長壯大：在不斷受到全面殲滅的威脅之下，所以也只能期望他們重視目前。這是他們的光榮遺產。他們經常詢問贈給他們遺產的這代人的頭腦是否清醒。對此我們能表示驚訝嗎?”遺產指的是第二段的種種問題所體現出來的東西，如：“誰說人類之差異能通過常規政策或暴力手段予以很好的解決?為什麼老一代人常用暴力來解決他們的問題?為什麼他們(老一代)個人生活那麼不愉快。老有負罪感?為什麼老糾纏於要積聚越來越多的物質財富?……。”
B. 他們不喜歡過去。 C. 他們認為現世界是最好的。 D. 他們害怕破壞。
4. A. 享受不是犯罪。這在第三段中間“老年人——如果他們準備承認的話——可以從他們的孩子們那裡學到一兩件事。他們能學的最大的課堂之一是享受不是犯罪。”“享受”是人可適用於生活各個方面的原則。從工作中獲得樂處，享受閒暇時間，肯定不是錯誤。拋棄約束限制，生活在現在而不是生活在過去肯定也不是錯。
B. 人們應有更多的閒暇。 C. 人可以享受生活。 D. 一個人應當享受工作。
詞彙：
1. reminder 使共回想起某事的東西，提示者
2. complacency 自鳴得意，自滿情結
3. take leave 擅自，任意，隨意
I took leave to consider this matter settled. 請原諒我認為這事已經解決了。
4. conformity 與……一致，遵從
5. guilt 有罪，內疚
6. ridden (ride 的過去分詞)受……支配的，受……壓迫
7. guilt-ridden 負罪感
8. amass 積累，積聚
9. a rat-race 激烈的競爭
10. shrug off 對……聳肩表示不屑一理，輕視，擺脫
11. spotless 無汙點的，純潔的
12. shed 擺脫，拋棄
13. annihilate 殲滅
14. bequeath 贈送，把……傳給後代
15. sanity 頭腦清醒健全
難句譯註：
1. convict haircut. Convict 義：罪犯。罪犯和短髮兩字合在一起為“囚犯理的髮式”。但在這裡其含義根據上下文決定。前面講到“誰說世界上所有的男人都應穿淺灰色的西裝”，後面只能譯成“剪成像罪犯似的短髮呢”。本義有haircut義：修理整齊的短髮。整齊劃一表示紳士派的工作人中作風正派，認真負責，一絲不苟的精神。作者用了convict罪犯一字表示諷刺：“罪犯也是整齊劃一的短髮跟紳士們的要求一樣，難道他們也是作風正派，認真負責，一絲不苟嗎?”
寫作方法與文章大意：
這是一篇論及“代溝”的文章。主要採用對比手法，一開始就提出了一個老問題：“老人們經常說年輕人不是從前那樣了。這一評語代代相傳，永遠是對的，而今天比以前任何時候更正確。”下面幾段就論述他們之不同點以及對比老少兩代人的態度。
