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Sunspots (太陽黑子)
It's not surprising that sunspots were observed by ancient astronomers (天文學家) . The largest sunspots on the sun can be seen without a telescope. It was not until the invention of the telescope (望遠鏡) in the early 17th century, however, that systematic studies of sunspots could be undertaken. The great astronomer Galileo was among the first to make telescopic observations of sunspots.
Sunspots are regions of extremely strong magnetic fields (磁場) found on the sun's surface. A sunspot has a dark central core known as the umbra. The umbra is surrounded by a dark ring called the penumbra, where the magnetic field spreads outward. Sunspots appear dark because they are giving off less radiation. They are cooler than the rest of the sun's surface.
Sunspots are frequently observed in pairs or in paired groups. The members of a spot pair are identified as the leading spot and the following spot. They are identified by their position in the pair in terms of the direction in which the sun rotates (旋轉) .
The number of sunspots at any one time varies. A large spot group may consist of as many as 10 groups and 300 spots across the sun. The number of spots changes in a fairly regular pattern called the sunspot cycle. The largest number occurs about every 11 years. At sunspot minimum,there are at most just a few small spots.
The average lifetime of an individual spot group is roughly one solar rotation, which is about25 days. The most persistent large spots, however, can survive for two to three months.
ful observations and systematic studies of sunspots __________.
A. were made by ancient astronomers
B. started in the early 17th century
C. were made by Galileo only
D. could be made without a telescope
2.Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the sun's surface because __________.
A. they produce less energy
B. they are buried in the sun
C. they are far away from magnetic fields
D. they are close to magnetic fields.
leading spot and the following spot are the names of __________.
A. two large sunspots
B. a large spot and a small spot
C. the two spots in a spot pair
D. the central core and the ring around it
an intense sunspot activity had occurred in 1857, the next one would have been in __________.
A.1858
B.1862
C.1865
D.1868
the last paragraph the word "persistent' means __________.
A. important
B. effective
C. enduring
D. visible
答案與解析：
1.B。細節題。題幹：對太陽黑子的仔細觀察和系統研究__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第一段的第三句話，該句提到，直到17世紀早期發明瞭望遠鏡，對太陽黑子的系統研究才得以進行。所以和原文內容符合的只有B。
2.A。細節題。題幹：太陽黑子要比太陽表面溫度低是因為__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第二段，這段的最後兩句提到，由於黑子發出的光和熱相對較少，它們顏色更暗，也比太陽表面的其他部分溫度低。所以A是正確答案。
3.C。細節題。題幹：主導地位的黑子和從屬地位的黑子指的是__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到文章第三段的前兩句，該處提到，我們觀測到的太陽黑子總是成對出現。成對出現的兩黑子被區分為主導地位的'黑子和從屬地位的黑子。所以答案為C，主導地位與從屬地位的黑子是用來區分成對出現的黑子的。
4.D。推理題。題幹：如果上一次劇烈的黑子運動發生在1857年，那麼下一次就會發生在。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到本文第四段的第四句話，由該句可知太陽黑子的劇烈活動每11年爆發一次，因此如果上一次發生在1857年，那麼下一次就會發生在1868年。
5.C。詞彙題。題幹：最後一段中的“persistent”的意思是__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到本文最後一段，由該段可知黑子群的存在時間平均為25天，最穩定的大的黑子群能存在兩至三個月。將兩句話當中的時間加以對比，可以推斷persistent的意思是“長久的”，所以答案為C。
