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第4部分：閱讀理解(第31——'45題，每題3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文後有5道題。每道題後面有4個選項，請仔細閱讀短文並根據短文內容回答其後面的問題，從4個選項中選擇l個最佳答案塗在答題卡相應的位置上。
第一篇
Common-cold Sense
You can't beat it, but you don't have to join it. Maybe it got the name "common cold" because it's more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesn't have anything to do with getting one. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.
Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults--an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They haven't had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.
There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it.
Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another person's hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route. The highest concentration of cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.
Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap,especially when children in your household have colds.
But even careful hygiene won't ward off every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose strikes?
The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But you'll also find some of the folk remedies worth trying. Hot mixtures of sugar (or honey), lemon,and water have real benefits.
31. According to the essay, you may have a cold because________.
A. the weather is too cold.
B. the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.
C. another person's coughing passes the cold to you.
D. you wash your hands too often.
32. The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is________.
A. to keep yourself clean.
B. to use a disinfectant soap.
C. to take two aspirin pills every day.
D. to drink lots of water.
33. Children have more colds because________.
A. they are usually infected about eight times each year.
B. they are not immune to many cold viruses.
C. they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.
D. they don't like eating lemon.
34. When you are having a cold, ________.
A. it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.
B. it may be the same kind of cold that you had last time.
C. it is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.
D. it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time.
35. When one is having a cold, he often has some symptoms EXCEPT________.
A. coughing.
B. having a sore throat.
C. having a runny nose.
D. having a stomachache.
第二篇
Cigars Instead?
Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.
Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voice-box) six-fold, say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends." The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
"This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.
"The data are clear -- the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases," he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."
"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is--don't. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks," warned Klausner.
According to National Cancer Institute press release, there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates and increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."
36. According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day
A. increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.
B. greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.
C. increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.
D. greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.
37. In the passage how many cancers are mentioned in relation to smoking cigars daily?
A. Six.
B. Seven.
C. Eight.
D. Nine.
38. What is the main idea of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends"?
A. When it comes to cancer, cigars are not any safer than cigarettes.
B. Cigars may be addictive while cigarettes are not easily so.
C. Cigars contain less harmful substances than cigarettes.
D. Increase in cigar-smoking does not affect public health much.
39. What is the doctors' advice to those cigar-smokers?
A. To give it up completely.
B. To give up part of it.
C. Not to think about it any more.
D. To cure the diseases first.
40. In the context of this passage, "secondhand smoke" may mean
A. smoking bad-quality cigars.
B. smoking very cheap cigars.
C. being near cigar smokers when they are not smoking.
D. being near cigar smokers when they are smoking.
第三篇
Batteries Built by Viruses
What do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though. In Cambridge, Massachusetts,scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques.
Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. "We're working on things we traditionally don't associate with nature," says Hammond.
Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary bakeries won't be small enough to fit inside.
The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belcher's model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.
How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head.
Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin, right?
Although the width of each person's hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses?.
41. According to the first paragraph people try to
A. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.
B. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.
C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.
D. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.
42. What is Belcher's team doing at present?
A. It is finding ways to get rid of viruses.
B. It is mass-producing microbatteries.
C. It is making batteries with viruses.
D. It is analyzing virus genes.
43. What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5 ?
A. Broaden.
B. Spread.
C. Extend.
D. Expand.
44. Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6 ?
A. It is made of metal.
B. It is a kind of watch battery.
C. It can only be seen with a microscope.
D. It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.
45. How tiny is one battery part?
A. Its width is one tenth of a hair.
B. It equals the width of a hair.
C. It is as thin as a piece of paper.
D. Its width is too tiny to measure.
第4部分：閱讀理解
第一篇
31.C。細節題。題幹：根據短文，下列哪項不是許多大學生選擇參軍的原因?這類題需要分別定位四個選項。利用關鍵詞，A、B和D三個因素均可在文章中找到，但是文章並未提及大學生參軍的工資待遇比其他工作高，所以選項C“大學生參軍的工資待遇比其他工作高”不是大學生參軍的原因。
32.B。細節題。題幹：可以推斷大學生考慮參軍的人數大約為__________。利用題幹關鍵詞graduating students和consider可以定位到文章第二段，意為“事實上，有很多大學生考慮參軍。軍隊今年給大學畢業生提供了12萬個工作崗位，而每50個打算參軍的大學畢業生中就有1個人有機會去部隊工作”，因此可以推知今年約有600萬名大學畢業生考慮從軍。
33.B。細節題。題幹：除了就業不好和遇冷的經濟外，下列哪一項是導致今年軍隊招聘人數增加的原因?利用題幹關鍵詞raise this year’s recruitment quota可以定位到第四段，意為“一位高階將領說，‘吸收新鮮血液和有天賦的年輕人來掌握新裝置和高科技對國防現代化是很重要的”’。由此可知，選項B“吸引高素質的人員來滿足國防高科技的需要”為正確答案。
34.C。細節題。題幹：為什麼作者認為大學生在選擇就業時被給予了額外的機會?利用題幹關鍵詞extra chance可以定位到文章第五段，意為“招聘大學生的年齡限制放寬到24歲，而且有個重要的政策轉變，那就是如果大學畢業生在1 1月徵兵工作結束前找到其他更理想的工作，仍然可以改變主意，重新選擇職業。這就給他們提供了多一次的選擇機會。”，由此可知選項C“大學生可以改變主意，如果他們在徵兵工作結束前找到其他更合適的工作”為正確答案。
35.D。詞彙題。最後一段中“confidential”的意思為__________。本句意為“結束服役後在諸如出國等事情上沒有任何限制，除非是其在部隊從事__________工作”。由此可以推測出confidential的意思是“保密性的”，與“secret”最為接近。
第二篇
36.C。細節題。題幹：為什麼說他們早晨離開小屋的時間晚了?由第一段可以知道答案“It meant the day would be a hot one，and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.”可知岩石的狀況已經不是很好了，故此題的正確答案為C。
37.A。細節題。題幹：登山者討厭斜坡的第一個原因是什麼?由原文第二段“First，because it can easily be pushed offon to you by people climbing above.”可以直接得出答案，大意是“首先，因為碎石很容易被在上面攀爬的人推到你身上”，故A為正確選項。
38.B。詞彙題。題幹：“Cailloux”這個詞的意思是什麼?由第三段後半部分與第四段開頭可知這個單詞是“石頭滑落”的意思。故選B。
39.D。細節題。題幹：第四段男孩話語中諷刺的是什麼?由第四段“‘Why?Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet，’he told US.‘Face in，always face in.”可知，男孩告誡作者在攀巖的時候永遠不要把臉朝上，因為“臉上挨石子遠比帽子上有石子難受”，所以應“一直把臉埋著”，可知正確答案為D。
40.A。細節題。題幹：從哪方面來說Toby安全了?由文中第五段“I looked across，he was safe beneath an overhanging canopy ofrock.”可以得出答案。故選A。
第三篇
41.D。細節題。題幹：根據本文，什麼導致了人口增長?利用題幹關鍵詞population increase可以定位到第二段“So why is this huge increase in population taking place?It is really due to the spread ofthe knowledge and practice ofwhat is becoming known as‘Death Control’.”，意為“人口增長為什麼會這麼快呢?這都是由於所謂‘死亡控制’的知識和做法的廣泛傳播”。由此可知，D為正確答案。
42.D。詞彙題。題幹：第二段中incurable的.含意是__________。利用題幹可以定位到第二段“…would have died ofa variety ofthen incurable diseases”，從“die of”我們可以猜出這些疾病是無法治癒的。 故答案為D。
43.A。細節題。題幹：沒有足夠的土地來支撐人類的生存，因為__________。由題幹關鍵詞land可以定位到第三段最後一句“約五分之三的土地是不能生產食物的”。由此可知，大部分的土地資源是無法利用的。故答案為A。
44.c。詞彙題。題幹：最後一段to limit their reproduction是什麼意思?該短語所在句意思為“一個非常普遍的觀點是，人口的爆炸主要是由貧窮國家的貧困人口引起的，因為他們不知道要 __________ ”。結合上下文可知to limit their reproduction是“控制人口數量”的意思，故答案為C“實施人口出生控制”。
45.B。細節題。題幹：作者真正關注的是什麼?文章的題目是“人口增長”，而且通篇在講人口的爆炸與資源過度利用的問題。故答案為B。
