開頭：
1、對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然後提出自己的看法或者偏向於某一看法, 適用於有爭議性的主題.
例如(e.g)
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
2、現象法 引出要剖析的現象或者問題, 然後評論 .
e.g
[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.
[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)
[3]ation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
3、觀點法：開門見山,直接了當地提出自己對要討論的問題的看法.
e.g:
[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than...
[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......
4、引用法：先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!。
e.g:
[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by remark has been shared by more and more people .
"Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.
[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like tthoses /this .
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".
5、比較法：通過對過去,現在 兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較 , 引出文章要討論的觀點.。
e.g:
[1]. For years, been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.
6、故事法：先講一個較短的故事來引發讀者的.興趣, 引出文章的主題.
e.g:
[1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.
[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
7、問題法：先用討論或解答的設問, 引出自己觀點, 適用於有爭議性的話題.
e.g:
Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion , ...... .
原因結果分析
1、基本原因： 分析某事物時, 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
e.g:
[1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...
[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...
[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....
2、另一原因： 在分析了基本原因之後, 再補充一個次要的或者更重要時用!
e.g:
[1]. Another important factor is ....
[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
3 、後果影響： 分析某事物可能造成的後果或者帶來的影響 .
e.g:
[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........
比較對照句型
1、兩者比較 ：比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個, 或肯定一事物的優點, 也肯定其缺點的時候用 。
e.g:
[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed,A carries much weight when compared with B.
[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.
2、 兩者相同/相似： 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點時用。
e.g:
[1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.
Chapter Three 文章結尾形式
1、結論性：通過對文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點 .
e.g:
[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
2、後果性：揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產生的嚴重後果.
e.g:
[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger.
3、號召性： 呼籲讀者行動起來, 採取行動或提請注意.
e.g:
[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......
[2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.
4、建議性：對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.
e.g:
[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
5、方向性的結尾方式： 其與建議性的唯一差別就是對問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:
[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
6、意義性的結尾方式 ：文章結尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠的意義。
e.g:
Following these suggestions may not guarantee thesuccess, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit。
