一個人不能騎兩匹馬，騎上這匹，就要丟掉那匹。聰明人會把凡是分散精力的要求置之度外，只專心致志地去學一門。以下是小編為大家搜尋整理的新託福閱讀考試試題2017，希望對大家有所幫助!更多精彩內容請及時關注我們應屆畢業生考試網!
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can wetell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of manyemotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness andapproval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenthcentury, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwinbelieved that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. Forexample, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absenceof language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in allpeople. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facialexpressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting theemotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around theworld to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged fromEuropean college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture,agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions whenasked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in astudy of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial expressions. T
he participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotionwas more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facialmuscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causalrelationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite rding to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback) are sent back toemotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person'semotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of anemotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outwardsigns softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, andfrowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedbackhypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to reportmore positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) asbeing more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being moreaggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, whichis the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facialmuscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception ofheightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involvechanges in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmitnerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotionalstate and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterizedby ''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that theskin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as arecommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotionalresponse -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion thatleads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedbackmay heighten emotional response.
Paragraph 1：Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, buthow can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expressionof many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness andapproval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenthcentury, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwinbelieved that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. Forexample, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absenceof language.
1. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Curious
○Unhappy
○Thoughtful
○Uncertain
2. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to
○Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
○Support Darwin's theory of evolution
○Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
○Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
Paragraph 2: Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs ofpeople exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then askedpeople around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queriedranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the NewGuinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Westernculture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressionswhen asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in astudy of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial e
xpressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown andwhich emotion was more intense.
3. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Estimate
○Agree
○Expect
○Understand
4. The word them in the passage refers to
○Emotions
○People
○Photographs
○Cultures
5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?
○They did not want to be shown photographs.
○They were famous for their story-telling skills.
○They knew very little about Western culture.
○They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be storycharacters.
○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.
○The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seenin Western culture when they acted out stories.
○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.
Paragraph 3: Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflectemotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electricalactivity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however,that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in theopposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback) aresent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence thatperson's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs ofan emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outwardsigns softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, andfrowning to anger?
7. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions thatwere not expressed?
○They would become less intense.
○They would last longer than usual.
○They would cause problems later.
○They would become more negative
Paragraph 4;Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning thefacial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leadsthem to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people orsituations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons asbeing more aggressive.
8. According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis?
○The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons
○The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate
○The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments
○The long-term effects of repressing emotions
9. The word rate in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Judge
○Reject
○Draw
○Want
Paragraph 6: Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiffupper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppressesemotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when theemotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension,facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
10. The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Contradictory
○Confusing
○Dependent
○Applicable
11. According to the passage, stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?
○It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it.
○It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.
○It can damage the lip muscles.
○It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.
Paragraph 2: █Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in all people. █Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions. █In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs ofpeople exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █He thenasked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Thosequeried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells inthe New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact withWestern culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facialexpressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories thatcalled for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similarresults in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multipleemotions were shown by
facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shownand which emotion was more intense.
that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simplemethods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided lete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
Psychological research seems to confirm that people associate particular facial expressionswith the same emotions across cultures.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Artificially producing the Duchenne smile can cause a person to have pleasant feelings.
2. Facial expressions and emotional states interact with each other through a variety offeedback mechanisms.
3. People commonly believe that they can control their facial expressions so that their trueemotions remain hidden.
4. A person's facial expression may reflect the person's emotional state.
5. Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facialexpressions was valuable for human beings.
6. Facial expressions that occur as a result of an individual's emotional state may themselvesfeed back information that influences the person's emotions.
參考答案：
1. ○ 2
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is despondent. It is highlighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 2, "unhappy." The sentence in which the highlightedword appears uses despondent as a contrast to happy. Since unhappy is the opposite ofhappy, it provides the fullest possible contrast and is equivalent to the contrast between Joyand sadness at the beginning of the sentence.
2. ○ 3
This is a Rhetorical Purpose question. It is asking you why the author mentions "baring theteeth in a hostile way" in the passage. This phrase is highlighted in the passage. The correctanswer is choice 3; baring the teeth is an example of a facial expression whose meaning iswidely understood. The central theme of paragraph 1 of the passage is facial expressions thatare universal. The author provides various examples of such expressions, and baring the teethis mentioned as a universal sign of anger. The other choices are all mentioned in the passage,but not in conjunction with baring the teeth, so they are all incorrect.
3. ○ 2
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is concur. It is highlighted in the correct answer is choice 2, "agree." Concur means to agree, so if investigators concurabout the meaning of certain facial expressions, they agree on their meaning.
4. ○ 3
This is a Reference question. The word being tested is them, and it is highlighted in thepassage. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. The word them refers to the photographsthat Paul Eckman showed to people from diverse cultures, so the correct answer is choice 3, "photographs."
5. ○ 3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 2. The correct answer is choice 3, which states that the Fore people of New Zealandknew very little about Western culture. The paragraph explicitly says that the Fore had almostno contact with Western culture. None of the other three choices is mentioned in connectionwith the Fore, so none of them is correct.
6. ○ 3
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in thepassage is highlighted:
The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if theywere the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.
The correct answer is choice 3. It contains all of the essential ideas in the highlighted sentencewithout changing the meaning. This choice says that the Fore "exhibited the same relationshipof facial and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories." Thesentence that precedes the highlighted sentence states that in a survey, the Fore agreed withWesterners on how various emotions are portrayed. Then the highlighted sentence says that ina different situation (story-telling) the Fores' expressions were also familiar; that is, theseexpressions were the same as those exhibited by Westerners in this situation. Choices 1 and 2are incorrect because each one changes the highlighted sentence into a statement that is nottrue. Choice 4 is incorrect because it says that the Fore were familiar with the facial expressionsof characters in stories. The highlighted sentence says that it was the investigators who werefamiliar with the Fores' expressions. This is a change in meaning, so i
t is incorrect.
7. ○ 1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 1, emotions that are not expressed become lessintense. This is correct based on the direct quotation of Darwin in paragraph 3. In thatquotation, Darwin says that emotions that are freely expressed become more intense, while"on the other hand those that are not freely expressed are "softened," meaning that theybecome less intense. Choices 2, 3, and 4 are all incorrect because there is nothing in thepassage that indicates Darwin ever believed these things about expressing emotions. Some orall of them may actually be true, but there is nothing in this passage that supports them.
8. ○ 1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in thepassage. You can see that the phrase "The facial-feedback hypothesis" is highlighted where itfirst appears in the passage in paragraph 3. The correct answer is choice 1, research supportingthis hypothesis came from studying experiments of the reactions of people to cartoons. Thisidea is found in paragraph 4, which uses these experiments as an example of how facialfeedback works. Choice 3, the release of neurotransmitters, is mentioned in paragraph 5 but,not in connection with the facial-feedback hypothesis, so it is incorrect. Choices 2 and 4 arenot explicitly mentioned at all in the passage.
9. ○ 1
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is rate, and it is highlighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 1, "judge." Rate in this context means "to judge."
10. ○ 4
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is relevant, and it is highlighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 4, "applicable. "Relevant means that Ekman'sobservation applies ("is applicable") to an expression.
11. ○ 4
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 4; stiffening the upper lip may either heighten or reduceemotional response. This is stated explicitly in paragraph 6 of the passage as a possibleparadox in the relationship between facial expressions and emotions.
Choice 1 is incorrect because paragraph 6 contradicts it.
Choice 2 is incorrect because the passage mentions only the fear and tension of a persontrying to keep a stiff upper lip, not any fear or tension that expression may cause in others.
Choice 3 is incorrect because there is no suggestion anywhere in the passage that stiffening theupper lip may damage lip muscles.
12. ○3
This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 2 thatrepresent the possible answer choices here.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in allpeople. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facialexpressions. II In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting theemotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. . He then asked people around theworld to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged fromEuropean college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture,agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions whenasked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in astudy of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial expressio
ns. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and whichemotion was more intense.
The sentence provided, "This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstratedby using rather simple methods," is best inserted at square 3. Square 3 is correct because theinserted sentence begins with the phrase "This universality." The universality being referredto is the fact, stated in the second sentence, that "people in diverse cultures recognize theemotions manifested by the facial expressions."
None of the other answer choices follows a sentence that contains a universal ence 1 mentions that "Most investigators concur," which means that some do efore this is not a universal statement. Squares 2 and 4 are incorrect because there isnothing in either sentence to which "This universality" could refer.
13. ○2 4 6
This is a Prose Summary question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices are 2, 4,and 6. Choices 1, 3, and 5 are therefore incorrect.
在世界範圍內各種不同的文化裡，人們都是要經歷歡樂和悲傷的，但我們怎麼區分其他人是高興還是沮喪呢?事實上，很多情感的表達可能是通用的。比如，微笑顯然表示友好和贊同。查爾斯達爾文是進化論的創始人，他在19世紀曾指出，懷有敵意地露出牙齒表現的是憤怒的情緒，人類對面部表情的認知具有一定的生存值。例如，面部表情可以以非語言的方式幫你判斷迎面而來的是敵還是友。
很多調查得出了同樣的結論，即人類的某些面部表情表達的含義是通用的。此外，不同文化背景的人可以通過面部表情的識別來判斷對方的情緒。在一個經典的研究專案中，保羅埃克曼拍下了一組人的照片，分別表示憤怒、厭惡、恐懼、幸福、悲傷。然後，他安排來自世界各地的人們識別照片中所表達的情感。這些人包括歐洲大學生，居住在新幾內亞高地的部落等。包括幾乎從未接觸過西方文化的人在內的所有人得出了一致的答案。此外，問卷中還給出了一些人們熟悉的基本表情，要求答卷者回答如果你是故事中的人物你會作出哪種基本表情?埃克曼和他的同事們從近期的一項統計中得出了相同的結論，他們對來自10個不同文化背景的參與者們進行了調查，參與者可以通過多種面部表情傳達複雜的情緒。畫面表達了哪兩種情感?其中那張更嚴肅?答案基本一致。
研究心理學的學者們通常認為，面部表情可以反映人們內心的情緒狀態。事實上，各種情緒狀態的波動都會使得面部肌肉和大腦的電波活動增加。然而，臉部回饋假說論者們卻堅持，面部表情和情緒之間的因果關係也可能是反的。他們認為，臉部肌肉承載的訊號會被傳至大腦的.控制情緒的部位中，因此人類面部表情會影響他們的情緒。試想達爾文的話：“自由的情緒表達方式會增強心中的情感。相反，如果抑制這種表達則會削弱心中的情感。” 比如，微笑可以讓你心情大好嗎?皺眉會讓你變得憤怒嗎?
關於臉部回饋假說，心理學研究提供了一些有趣的發現。比如，讓參與實驗的人們微笑，他們會表現的更加積極，他們評價圖片相對而言更加風趣幽默。當他們皺眉頭時，則變得加咄咄逼人。
面部表情和內心情感之間存在什麼樣可能的聯絡呢?首先，是刺激。這是一個有機體活動的準備階段。面部肌肉的緊張收縮會加劇這種刺激，如那些表現得極度的恐懼肌肉收縮。加強刺激的自我感知會加劇內心各種情緒。其次，他們的聯絡可能會涉及到大腦溫度變化和神經遞質的釋放(傳遞神經衝動的物質)。面部肌肉的收縮反映並影響內心情緒狀態。埃克曼發現，所謂的杜興微笑，就是指眼睛周圍的魚尾紋和眼皮的微微下垂，引發眼睛表面的面板輕微朝著眼球方向下降，從而引起愉快的感覺。
埃克曼的看法可能與英國習語“保持咬緊牙關”有關，人們可以用過緊咬牙關緩解自身壓力。很有可能是因為緊咬牙關抑制了消極情緒，只要嘴脣沒緊張或者恐懼得發抖。但是，當內心情緒導致僵硬的嘴脣更加緊張時，面部表情強有力的收縮很有可能會加劇內心的情緒反應。
