英語六級考試聽力基礎輔導材料

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　　part 1

隧道與廣播

How come we can hear FM longer in a tunnel than AM?

為什麼在隧道中調頻廣播比調幅廣播的訊號要好一點?

It's because FM stations transmit at higher frequencies. They generally go from eighty-eight to one-hundred-and-eight megahertz. That's over a hundred million cycles per second.

這是因為調頻廣播臺的傳播頻率要頻繁些。通常在88到108兆赫。即每秒轉1億圈。

As a result, a single radio wave from an FM station is only a few meters long, about the size of a car. An AM station is putting out radio waves that are hundreds of times as long!

因此，調頻廣播電臺發出的一個電波的長度只有幾米，大概是一輛車的大小。而調幅廣播站發出的電波長達幾百米。

Long wavelengths tend to be absorbed or blocked as they try to enter the smaller tunnel. The higher-energy and shorter-wavelength waves from an FM station aren't absorbed or blocked as much. Instead, they tend to bounce around and get reflected off of surfaces, much like the inside of a tunnel.

在穿越隧道時，長的波長會被吞併阻礙。而來自調頻廣播高能量，波長又短的電波則不會被吞併或阻礙。相反的，它們會被隧道表面反射回來。

Of course, they only bounce so far. If the tunnel is long enough, even FM stations fade out until you come out the other end.

當然，它們只會在某個區域內反彈。如果隧道太長的話，即使是調頻廣播也會逐漸變弱直到駛出隧道。

　　part 2

Congress first dealt with issues of safety and health in the workplace in 1890, when legislation was passed for safety standards in coal mines. Over the next several decades, more complicated machinery and new chemicals entered the workplace yearly, posing new hazards to workers.

國會第一次處理職業安全與健康的問題是在1890年，當時國會立法通過了煤礦安全標準。在接下來的幾十年裡，每年都有更復雜的機器和新化學物質進入工作場所，給勞動者帶來了新的危害。

By the late 1960s, an estimated 14,000 workers were dying on the job each year, and over 2 million were suffering disabling injuries from work-related accidents. For years business and labor groups wrangled over the need for federal legislation.

到20世紀60年代後期，據估計每年都有一萬四千多名工人因工緻死，還有超過兩百萬工人因工受傷或致殘。多年來，工商界和勞動團體就聯邦立法的需要一直爭論不休。

Opinion in Congress was deeply split over what form legislation might take, but in 1970 Congress finally approved the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which would establish theOccupational Safety and Health Agency, or "OSHA." OSHA quickly became one of the federal government's most disliked agencies.

國會內部在確定立法形式上發生了嚴重分歧，但最終於1970年批准通過職業安全與健康條例，並依法成立了職業安全與健康署，即 OSHA。OSHA 很快就成為聯邦政府內部最不受歡迎的'部門之一。

Businesses complained that they faced scores of nit-picking rules, high compliance costs, andarbitrary inspections. In response, OSHA scaled back many of its original rules, and focusedits safety inspections on the most dangerous workplaces. Employment in the U.S. has more than doubled since the creation of OSHA, but during the same time period, occupational injury and illness rates declined 40 percent, and the number of workplace fatalities dropped by 60 percent.

企業們抱怨他們要面對大量挑剔的規則，高昂的成本以及****的檢查。作為迴應，OSHA 縮減了原有規則的數量，將安檢力度集中在最危險的工作崗位上。自從 OSHA 成立以來，美國就業人數翻了一番多。與此同時，因工受傷、患病的概率下降了40%，並且因公死亡事件降低了60%。