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The rewards can be substantial. Egged on by Third Point, an activist hedge fund, Yahoo appointed Marissa Mayer as its new chief executive in July 2012. By the time she celebrated a year in the job last month, the troubled web giant’s share price had risen by over 70%. In July the hedge fund sold a big chunk of shares back to Yahoo. Mr Icahn thinks Apple’s share price, which closed at $499 on August 14th, could soar too if the firm follows his advice on buy-backs. He tweeted this week that he had had a “nice conversation” with Tim Cook, Apple’s boss, about his idea, though he did not say what Mr Cook thought of it. If Apple drags its feet, expect things to turn nasty.
A recent study found that men consume an (3)__________ 433 calories (equivalent to a McDonald's double cheeseburger) on days they drink a moderate amount of alcohol. About 61% of the caloric increase comes from the alcohol itself. Men also report eating higher amounts of saturated fats and meat, and less fruit and milk, on those days than on days when they aren't drinking, the study showed.
Women fared a bit better, taking in an extra 300 calories on moderate-drinking days, from the alcohol and eating fattier foods. But women's increase in calories from additional eating wasn't statistically significant, the study said.
'Men and women ate less healthily on days they drank alcohol,' said Rosalind Breslow, an epidemiologist with the federal National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and lead author of the study. 'Poorer food choices on drinking days have public-health (4)__________,' she said.
The findings dovetail with controlled lab studies in which (5)__________ generally eat more food after consuming alcohol. Researchers suggest that alcohol may enhance 'the short-term rewarding effects' of consuming food, according to a 2010 report in the journal Physiology & Behavior that reviewed previous studies on alcohol, appetite and obesity.
But other studies have pointed to a different trend. Moderate drinkers gain less weight over time than either heavy drinkers or people who abstain from alcohol, particularly women, this research has shown. Moderate drinking is (6) __________having about two drinks a day for men and one for women.
'People who gain the least weight are moderate drinkers, regardless of [alcoholic] beverage choice,' said Eric Rimm, an associate professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard Medical School and chairman of the 2010 review of alcohol in the federal dietary (7)__________. The weight-gain difference is modest, and 'starting to drink is not a weight-loss diet,' he said.
The various research efforts form part of a long-standing (8)__________ about how alcohol affects people's appetites, weight and overall health. Researchers say there aren't simple answers, and suggest that individuals' metabolism, drinking patterns and gender may play a role.
Alcohol is 'a real wild card when it comes to weight management,' said Karen Miller-Kovach, chief scientific officer of Weight Watchers International. At seven calories per gram, alcohol is closer to fat than to carbohydrate or protein in caloric content, she said. Alcohol tends to lower restraint, she notes, causing a person to become more (9)__________ with what they're eating.
Research bolstering the role of moderate drinking in helping to control weight gain was published in 2004 in the journal Obesity Research. That study followed nearly 50,000 women over eight years. An earlier study, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 1994, followed more than 7,000 people for 10 years and found that moderate drinkers gained less weight than nondrinkers. Studies comparing changes in waist circumference among different groups have yielded similar results.
Dr. Rimm said it isn't clear why moderate drinking may be (10)__________ against typical weight gain, but it could have to do with metabolic adjustments. After people drink alcohol, their heart rate increases so they burn more calories in the following hour.
'It's a modest amount,' he said. 'But if you take an individual that eats 100 calories instead of a glass of wine, the person drinking the glass of wine will have a slight increase in the amount of calories burned.'
A:indulgent
B:participants
C:debate
D:considered
E:contributes
F:contest
G:guidelines
H:protective
I:moderate
J:index
K:implications
L:considerate
M:additional
N:experienced
O:owes
參考答案：
1.E:contributes
2.I:moderate
3.M:additional
4.K:implications
5.B:participants
6.D:considered
7.G:guidelines
8.C:debate
9.A:indulgent
10.H:protective
全文翻譯
啤酒肚的形成並不只是因為啤酒本身。飲酒會使人攝入額外的卡路里和脂肪、選擇不健康的飲食，這些也都是形成啤酒肚的幫凶。
近期一項研究發現，男性在飲酒量適中的情況下，會額外攝入433卡路里熱量(相當於一個麥當勞雙層吉士漢堡)。約61%的多餘熱量來自酒類本身。研究還表明，男性在飲酒時會比平日攝入更多飽和脂肪和肉類，而減少水果和牛奶的食用量。
女性的情況略好，適量飲酒時會多攝入300卡路里，來源於酒和油膩食物。研究也指出，從資料上來看，女性因食物攝入量增加而造成的熱量攝入增加並不顯著。
流行病學家羅莎琳德佈雷斯洛(Rosalind Breslow)說：“男性和女性喝酒的時候吃得都不太健康。”她是這項研究的帶頭人，效力於美國國家酒精濫用及酗酒問題研究所(National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)。她說：“是飲酒時的食物選擇不當給公眾健康造成了隱患。”
研究發現與實驗室對照實驗相吻合，在實驗中，參與者往往在喝酒之後食量更大。《生理學與行為學》(Physiology & Behavior)期刊在2010年發表了一項關於酒精、食慾與肥胖的報告，研究者認為酒精會增進攝入食物時的“短期獎賞效應”。
但是其他研究的結果卻截然相反。一項研究表明，長期以來，適量飲酒的人體重增長比酒量大或者滴酒不沾的人更慢，特別是在女性群體中。適量飲酒指的是，男性每天大約喝兩杯酒，女性為一杯。
埃裡克利姆(Eric Rimm)說：“體重增長最少的人都是適量飲酒的人，無論選擇的是何種(酒精)飲料。”他是哈佛醫學院(Harvard Medical School)流行病學與營養學副教授，也是2010年美國飲食指南酒類評論的主席。他說，體重增長的'差異並不顯著，所以“開始喝酒並不是個減肥辦法。”
各種各樣的研究促成了持久的爭論：到底酒精是如何作用於人的食慾、體重和整體健康的。研究者們說答案並不是單一的，每個人的新陳代謝、飲酒方式和性別都會有一定的影響。
Weight Watchers International首席科學官卡倫米勒-科瓦奇(Karen Miller-Kovach)說，酒精的確是“控制體重時的一個未知數” 。她說，以每克七卡路里來計算，酒精的卡路里含量比起碳水化合物和蛋白質更接近脂肪。她還提到，酒精會減弱人們的自制力，這使得人在吃東西時更加放縱自己。
《肥胖研究》(Obesity Research)期刊在2004年發表的一項研究肯定了適度飲酒在幫助控制體重增長中的作用。這項研究在八年間追蹤了近50,000名女性。更早的一項研究發表於1994年的《美國流行病學雜誌》(American Journal of Epidemiology)，該研究對7,000人進行了10年的追蹤，並發現適量飲酒的人比不喝酒的人體重增長得更少。兩項研究都對不同組別腰圍的變化進行了比較，並得出了相似的結論。
利姆說適量飲酒者似乎可以抵抗一般的體重增長，其原因尚不明確，但可能與代謝調節有關。人們飲酒後，心跳加快，所以他們會在接下來的一小時裡燃燒更多卡路里。
“這一消耗量並不算高”，他說。“但是如果一個人吃了100卡食物，而另一個人喝了一杯酒，喝酒的人消耗的卡路里會略多一些。”
