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語法攻略詳解

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眾所周知,語法知識是理解英語的基礎。通過對歷年試題的分析可以看出,單純考查語法知識題的比重並不是很大,這是要體現《大綱》注重考查考生的英語交際能力,鼓勵考生用聽、說、讀、寫的實踐代替單純的語法知識學習的測試導向。但這並不意味著對考生語法掌握程度的要求降低了,因為只有對語法知識有較好的掌握,才能在實際的語言運用環境中,識別各種語法現象,對文章進行理解並做出正確的判斷。下面就重點語法內容加以總結,供考生參考。希望能幫助大家。

語法攻略詳解

1主謂一致關係

主謂一致(Subject?Verb Agreement)指謂語動詞要與主語的中心詞語在“人稱”和“數”的方面保持一致。這是在解題過程中需要時刻注意的。解答這類問題的關鍵是要找準主語的`中心詞語。

Example 1

The novels of John Cheever to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with manners.

[A] belongs [B]belong [C]is belonged [D]are belonged

belong是不及物動詞,不能用於被動語態,首先排除C和D。本句的中心主語是the novels(複數),所以此題的正確選項是B。

 2虛擬語氣

在英語中,由於說話人的意圖不同,動詞的表現形式也隨之不同,這就需要用不同的“語氣”來表達。英語中有三種語氣:

(1)陳述語氣(the Indicative Mood)用來陳述事實。如:

The teacher is very popular with his students.

(2)祈使語氣(the Imperative Mood)提出請求、命令等。如:

Please open the door.

(3)虛擬語氣(the Subjunctive Mood)表達主觀願望和假設的情況。如:

If I were you, I would throw it away.

所謂虛擬,簡單地說,就是真實情況並非如此。由於虛擬語氣歷來是英語學習中的一個難點,尤其是它還有一些特殊形式和用法,所以也可能成為考點。

Example 2

Had they examined the question over a much longer period, 1 over the whole life cycle, they 2 reached a different conclusion.

1. *[A] particularly [B] exclusively [C] preferably [D] precisely

2. [A] must have [B] will have [C] may have [D] would have

首先根據“Had they examined the question...”得出這是一個省略if的虛擬條件句。在表示過去情況的虛擬條件句中,從句中的謂語用had+過去分詞,主句中的謂語用would have + 過去分詞。所以,第2題應該選擇D。

 3非限定性動詞

非限定性動詞是動詞的非謂語形式,主要指不定式(the Infinitive)、分詞(the Participle)和動名詞(the Gerund)。非限定性動詞的使用功能多樣,且容易混淆,所以它們歷來是各種英語考試中的重點。

Example 3

We did make our comforts and discomforts 1 , but basically others 2 our experiences to us. We were virtually helpless and 3 the mercy of others, usually our parents.

As we grew older, increased intellectual development resulted in increased behavioral options’ 4 available to us.

1? [A]knowing [B]known [C]know [D]to know

2? [A]distributed *[B]dictated [C]allocated [D]ordered

3? [A]with [B]in *[C]at [D]on

4? [A]became [B]become [C]becoming [D]to become

第1題中make在作為表示“致使”意義的動詞時,其後的動詞及其邏輯主語是被動關係,所以跟在其後的動詞要用過去分詞形式,如He was trying to make himself understood.所以此題應選B。

第4題考查動名詞的用法。根據上文,resulted in後面應是一個名詞、名詞片語或相當於名詞的成分。只有選項C能構成一個前面帶有名詞片語所有格的動名詞結構,這裡的increased behavioral options是become在邏輯上的主語。所以此題應選C。

Example 4

There was a big drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and the number of people

1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986.

1?[A]suffered [B]suffer [C]suffering [D]to suffer

第1題考查了現在分詞做定語的知識。在and連線的後一併列從句中, 1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 這個成分是修飾限定主語the number of people,起定語作用的。在四個選項中雖然選項A、C、D都有做定語的功能,然而從上下文的語意以及三個選項各自表示的時態、語態功能來判斷,the number of people是suffer的邏輯主語,是動作suffer的發動者,所以此題選C項suffering最合適。

Example 5

Experts speculate that hardships might prompt some Russian scientists their know-how on the black market.

[A]to sell [B]to selling [C]sell [D]sold to

此題應選A。prompt後接不定式構成prompt to do sth.。

 4定語從句

定語從句有限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句之分。限制性定語從句與其先行詞有著不可分割的關係,如果缺少了從句,先行詞便不能明確地表示所指物件。例如:

This is the car (that) I bought last year.

而非限制性定語從句和它的先行詞之間的關係就比較鬆散,它並不是先行詞不可缺少的組成部分,而僅僅是對先行詞的一種補充說明。例如:

I?m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.

從對歷年的研究生英語試題的分析來看,在英語知識運用題中主要以選擇適當的關係代詞或關係副詞的形式來考查這部分知識。

Example 6

When the work is well done, a 1 of accident-free operations is established 2 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (1999年第44題)

1?[A]regulation *[B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement

2?[A]where [B]how [C]what [D]unless

第2題的正確選項是A。where在這裡引導一個定語從句“where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum”,先行詞是climate。在這裡where相當於in which,即in the climate。本句意思是:安全規劃實施得好,一種無事故操作的工作環境就會建立起來,這樣因工傷造成的時間損失將降至最低限度。而how(如何,怎樣,怎麼)和unless(除非)在語法上可行,但意義上不通。what(什麼)無論從語法還是意義上都講不通。

 5句子的平衡(並列連詞及片語)

英語中經常用並列連詞和片語來保持句子的平衡,常見的有:and, but, or, as well as, not also..., ..., ...等。解答這類題時還要注意毗鄰原則,即謂語應與其相鄰的名詞或代詞保持一致。

Example 7

Concerns were raised 1 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 2 guilty verdicts. (2001年第49題)

1?[A]what [B]when [C]which [D]that

2?[A]assure [B]confide *[C]ensure [D]guarantee

第1題選D。該題考查同位語從句和句子平衡的知識。that引導的同位語從句做concerns的同位語,對它進行進一步的解釋。that引導的同位語從句本來應該直接跟在concerns的後面,但因為句子太長,會顯得句子頭重腳輕,從而使句子失去平衡,所以放在了後面。

  6代詞的用法

代詞在英語中的使用很廣泛,並且形式多樣,考查代詞也成為檢測考生英語語言水平的一個重要考點。在近年的研究生英語考試中,代詞部分主要考查不定代詞和關係代詞的用法。

Example 8

A variety of activities should be organized 1 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 2 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 3 . (2003年第36題)

1?[A]if only [B]now that *[C]so that [D]even if

2?[A]everything [B]anything [C]nothing [D]something

3?[A]off *[B]down [C]out [D]alone

第2題考查考生對不定代詞的用法和區分能力。A項everything不能與else連用。B項anything 與else構成片語表示“別的什麼”,但其中有“別的以外任何事情”的含義。從上下文的語意來看,此處用anything不妥。C項nothing 一般用在nothing else than(只不過,僅有)中。D項something 與 else 構成片語表示“別的事情”,用在肯定句中,從語法和前後語意關係上來看,D項是正確選項。