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Washoe LearnedAmerican Sign Language
一、概括大意
1. Paragraph 1______
2. Paragraph 2______
3. Paragraph 3______
4. Paragraph 4______
A. Reason why not many scientists carry out this researchnowadays
許多科學家現在不進行這項研究的原因
B. Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language
Washoe學習手語的程序的報告
C. General Information about Washoe
Washoe的基本資訊
D. The Gardners’ Contributions Recognized
公認的加德納的貢獻
E. Debate on Chimp’s Intelligence
對黑猩猩智力的爭論
F. Washoe’s Love for Three Young Chimps
Washoe對三隻黑猩猩的愛
1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. Achimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natured causes late lastmonth at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state ofWashington.
Washoe had become known in the scientific community and aroundthe world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be thefirst non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate aboutprimates and their ability to understand language.
一個影響科學思維的動物已經死亡了。一隻出生在非洲名為Washoe的黑猩猩上個月月底在美國華盛頓州的一個研究中心自然死亡，死時42歲。Washoe 在科學界和世界各地眾所周知，是因為它能夠使用美國手語。它是第一個瞭解人類語言的非人類。它的技能也導致有關靈長類動物和它們所能理解的語言的爭議。
【解析】第一段主要介紹Washoe的出生地、死亡年齡、學習手語等基本情況。
【答案】ral Information about arch scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teachingWashoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe’s progressin a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grewto understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicatewhen it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.
She also asked questions like,“who is coming to play?” Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists beganstudies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The wholedirection of primate research changed.
科學家Allen和Beatrix Gardner從1966年開始教Washoe手語。1969年， Gardner夫婦在科學的報告中描述了Washoe的進步。對Washoe做實驗的人說Washoe逐漸掌握了約250個單詞。例如，Washoe能用手語表達“該吃飯了”。它能要蘋果和香蕉這樣的食品。它也問諸如“誰要來玩”之類的問題。Washoe能用手語的訊息一散開，許多語言學家開始在他們自己這一令人振奮的新研究領域展開研究。靈長類動物的整個研究方向改變了。
【解析】第二段的關鍵句為劃線句。之後的內容簡略介紹了Washoe的學習情況和影響。
【答案】B：Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign ver, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat signlanguage movements from watching her teachers. They said she had neverdeveloped true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers whosuggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signsonly for prizes.
Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a formerstudent of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
然而，批評者認為Washoe只學會了看它的教師的手語重複動作。他們說Washoe從來沒有發展真正的語言技能。即使是現在，也有一些研究學者認為靈長類動物學習手語只是機械重複、死記硬背、物質刺激的結果。可是Washoe的飼養員不同意這種說法。Roger Fouts以前是Gardner夫婦的'學生。Roger Fouts把Washoe帶到了華盛頓埃倫斯堡的一個研究中心。在這裡，Washoe教三個年輕的黑猩猩手語，這三個黑猩猩依然活著。
【解析】第三段主要介紹了對於Washoe會手語的兩種觀點。一種是認為Washoe只是死記硬背的動作，不是真正的語言技能;另一種的認為Washoe會手語是智慧的表現，且能教其他猩猩手語。
【答案】E. Debate on Chimp’ntists like private researcher Jane Goodall believeWashoe provided new information about the mental workings of y, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
像Jane Goodall這樣的獨立的科學家相信，Washoe為黑猩猩心理活動的研究提供了新資訊。今天，沒有那麼多科學家研究黑猩猩的語言技能。部分原因在於這類研究需要花費很長的時間。
【解析】該段解釋了為什麼現在科學家不研究黑猩猩的語言技能。
【答案】A: Reason why not many scientists carry out te continues about chimps’ understanding of human , one thing is sure—Washoe changed popular ideasabout the possibilities of animal intelligence.
對黑猩猩懂得人類交流與否的辯論仍在繼續。然而，有一件事卻是肯定的——Washoe改變了有關動物智慧可能性的普遍觀點。
二、完成句子
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate ____。
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F. while Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第二段
For example, Washoe made signs tocommunicate when it was time to eat. She could request foodslike apples and bananas. She also asked questions like,“who iscoming to play?”
【答案】C. whenshe wanted to eat
6. Some scientists doubted _____
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
e Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第三段
However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeatsign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she hadnever developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers whosuggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signsonly for prizes.
【答案】A. if theGardner’s argument was sound7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language ____.
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
e Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第三段
Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. Hetook Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoetaught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
【答案】D. whileshe was at a research center in Ellensburg
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent _____.
A. if the Gardner’s argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
e Washoe was learning sign language
【出處】第二段
The people who madesigns to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods likeapples and bananas.
【答案】use she could use sign language to ask for fruits
